Food Hygiene, Agriculture and Animal Science

The following sections are included:

• Preface
• Committee
• Contents

China has carried out of a lot of useful exploration in the quality and safety of agricultural products traceability, and developed a number of management platforms, but there are still many problems, for example supply and demand sides of information asymmetry, transaction costs and risks are too high, poor circulation products and other regulatory agencies and other parties can't effectively participate. This article from the perspective of the theory of the multisided platforms (MSPs), in the analysis of the important features of the MSPs on the basis of the theory, combined with the quality and safety of agricultural products traceability features, discussed on quality safety of agricultural products traceable method of constructing a multisided platform, particularly designed of the path multi-stakeholder participation, and analyzed its characteristics. It is of great significance for agricultural traceability information sharing to achieve symmetry, reduce transaction costs and risks, and the realization of smooth flow products.

The very important step of food traceability system construction is to figure out what information needs to be traced, and in what way to organize and manage the quality & safety information. The normal way is based on the perspective of information systems development. In food traceability chain view, the quality safety factors from origin to consumption were integrated up management. This is a new way of the traceability system building, which is food traceability chain. In this paper, the food chain was decomposed and refined. The hierarchical model of food safety traceability chain was proposed. Finally, we analyze the granularity of the food safety traceability chain. The establishment of food safety traceability chain is not only the foundation of food hazard analysis, quality control, risk analysis, but also the basis for food safety traceability system construction.

A new type of nucleic acid (mixed RNA, mixRNA) that shared the activity of siRNA was put forward. The mixRNA duplexes contain RNA or DNA elementary units but contain no RNA or DNA segments. The new type of mixRNA duplexes inhibited cell proliferation in A549 cell line (a human lung cancer cell line) in a concentration-dependent manner. Since the mixRNA was theoretically resistant to DNase and RNase, mixRNA could be a new tool for scientific research and for clinic therapy.

The paper investigated the activity of bromelain extracted from fresh pineapple juice over three years to figure out the optimal harvest time for bromelain in the Zhanjiang region. The method of statistical analysis had been used for determining the bromelain activity in every month of a year. Meanwhile, the average moisture content and activity of bromelain in were month were linear analysis. The results indicated that November was the best time for bromelain production and processing in a year; the average bromelain activity of November reached 1.089×10⁶ U/g. The outcomes demonstrated that both of temperature and humidity played important roles in bromelain production.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of hysterectomy of reserving the uterine blood supply on uterine artery hemodynamics, blood lipids level and the degree of sexual satisfaction before and after operation. Methods: One hundreds of patients with benign lesions of uterus were randomly divided into subtotal hysterectomy of maintaining uterine vessels group, STHMUV (research group, n=50) and traditional subtotal resection of uterine group, SROU (the control group, n=50), comparing the recent impact of two operation on sexual life satisfaction and changes of uterine artery blood flow in two groups,blood tests were taken to check the serum blood lipid levels before and after operation three months, six months, one year and two years at the same time respectively. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in operation time, bleeding volume, postoperative fever, and residual polyps; There was no significant difference among research group before and after operation in serum lipid level (P>0.05), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) level increased significantly in control group (P<0.05), high density lipoprotein (HDL) level decreased (P<0.05) in Control group and no significant difference between the two groups in sexual life quality. Comparison between Va and Vb in Research group before and after operation shows obvious difference. Conclusion: The effect of uterus hysterectomy for retaining blood supply on ovarian endocrine function is less than that of the traditional total hysterectomy, this operation is very important for preserving ovarian function and delaying ovarian decline.

To obtain the best appropriate method and optimum extraction conditions of total alkaloids from zizyphi spinosi semen (ZSS), the conditions of reflux extraction were optimized by single factor experiment and orthogonal design respectively. the experiment results were as follows: 20% acetic acid resolved in ethanol as extracting solvent (EtOH:HAc=80:20 (v/v)), ratio of liquid to solid=20:1(ml:g), 4.0 h, 70 °C, and these conditions were optimum conditions after validation of experiment. The total alkaloids of ZSS extracted by this method could provide a powerful guarantee for studying ingredients and activities of alkaloids in ZSS.

A sensitive and rapid chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was established for detection of bisphenol A in canned milk. Five points include antigen coated concentration, the dilution proportion, PH value, ionic strength of the buffer and the concentration of different organic solvents were tested for optimization. A proper condition for CLEIA is that antigen coated concentration was 1ug/ml, the dilution proportion of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-antibody was 1:3000, PH value was 8.0, ionic strength of the buffer was 0.8 mol/L, concentration of different organic solvents was 0%. And for spiked samples, the all recoveries ranging from 94.98% to 112.91% were acceptable. The CLEIA is an appropriate method for detection of BPA in canned milk.

The energy conversion conjugate conduction-convection Ohmic mixed heat transfer of an incompressible viscoelastic fluid on thermal forming thin nutrition pie has been studied. The present study has been applied similarity transformation method to change the partial differential equations transform to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, and it has also been used an implicit finite-difference method to solve the system's equations. The numerical calculating results for the conjugate heat transfer energy conversion problem which have been carried out as functions of different parameters. The parameters of Pr, and k0 are important energy conversion factors in this study, it should be produced greater heat transfer energy conversion effect with a larger values of k0, or Pr, but the parameter Ec will be reduced the heat transfer energy conversion effect. Because of present study has been studied about many parameters physical features, so that it is also belong to a multimedia physical feature study work.

Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory response of common chronic respiratory diseases. A variety of cells, such as mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and other cells are involved, disorders of cytokine networks mediated the attack of bronchial asthma. Interleukin 23 (IL-23) cytokines is heterodimers which was found to have many different biological effects ten years ago, many scholars have discovered that IL-23 was involved in the allergic diseases. This article will give a introduction about the relationships between IL-23 and asthma.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of various environmental factors, such as pH, NaCl concentrations and the freeze-thaw cycles on the freeze-thaw stability of glycosylated soy protein isolate emulsions. The soy protein isolate-maltodextrin conjugate (SPI-MD) was achieved by Maillard wet heating modification. The freeze-thaw stability was characterized by measurements of creaming index and oiling off after isothermal storage at -20°C for 24h and further thawing. Compared with those stabilized by soy protein isolate (SPI) alone, O/W emulsions stabilized by SPI-MD showed a higher stability against freeze-thaw treatment.

Schizandrin B isolated from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis, has been reported as an anti-cancer substance. In this study, we investigated the effects of Schizandrin B on the tumor suppressor gene NF1 in AML1-ETO-expressing cell lines. We found that AML1-ETO-expressing cell lines displayed a low level of NF1 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that NF1 was the direct transcriptional target of AML1-ETO. The universal binding of AML1-ETO to genomic DNA resulted in recruitment of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), indicating that AML1-ETO induced heterochromatic silencing of NF1. Our findings indicate that Schizandrin B can relieve NF1 suppression in AML1-ETO-expressing cells through a mechanism that involves inversion of epigenetic alterations.

This paper briefly introduced mainstream DNA molecular marker techniques and their advantages, disadvantages and application, mainly focuses on the SSR technique in DNA fingerprinting construction of rice adulteration detection. The problems, the new development and application of SSR DNA fingerprint technology were reviewed in this paper. A fast and accurate new detection technology which base on SSR molecular marker technique to construct rice DNA fingerprint database were hoped to be established to replace the traditional rice adulteration detection method.

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world, with many adverse health effects on human beings and the animals. The success of an iron fortification program depends largely on the iron compounds. In this work, the various iron fortification compounds were investigated and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. There are three stages in the development of iron fortification compounds: inorganic iron (e.g. ferrous sulfate), organic iron (e.g. iron fumarate) and chelating iron (e.g. iron-glycine chelate). Among them, the ferric pyrophosphate does not modify organoleptic characteristics of foods, and can have a similar bioavailability with ferrous sulfate through micronization or solubilization, making it a potential and alternative iron fortification compound.

To observe the effect of Polysaccharides from Platycodonis Radix (PRPS) on the rat airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) proliferation in vitro. Methods: ASMCs were obtained from adult SD rats by trypsin-collagenase digestion method. In vivo experiment, the cells proliferating model of rat ASMCs were established by ET-1 and the intervention of PRPS. ASMCs were treated with PRPS at different concentrations and the growth of the cells was analyzed by MTT assay. The expression of PCNA in cells was detected by immunocytochemical method. Results: At the end of the experiment, the growth curve of high dosage group of PRPS was significantly lower than that in the model group (0.1521±0.0053). The expression of PCNA in this group was also lower than the model group and slightly higher in the dexamethasone treated group. Conclusion: PRPS can inhibit the proliferation of ASMCs induced by endothelin-1 in vitro, the mechanism has correlation with down- regulation of the expression and PCNA.

Marc from the process of brewing persimmon wine was selected as research material to extract tannin. The changes of content of tannin during ripping period and different part of persimmon were also determined. Based on the single-factor experiments, three independent variables including ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction temperature were selected as affecting factors to Response Surface Tannin. The optimized of extracting conditions of tannin are as follow: the 1:20 of liquid-to-solid ratio, the ethanol concentration of 30%, extraction temperature of 90°C, extraction time of 2.9h. The predicted tannin extraction yield reached 20.3mg/g under the optimized conditions, while the actual extraction yield is 22.7mg/g with the relative error of 2.4%.

In the current study, 212 samples of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) with typical respiratory desease symptoms, were collected from 41 large-scale pig farms in 12 cities of Sichuan to detect pathogens to discover the rules of development of PRDC. 11 species were aimed at, including Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH), Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Swine influenza virus (SIV), and the infection rates were respectively 58.02%, 57.55%, 56.60%, 54.72%, 49.06%, 47.17%, 20.75%, 16.98%, 9.43%, 3.78% and 1.89%. Moreover, Listeria (LM) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PM) were isolated from respiratory passages and had higher infection rates, as 16.98% and 13.21%. For co-infection by two, three and four kinds of pathogens, S.pn - PRRSV, S.pn - PRRSV - PCV2 and S.pn -PRRSV- PCV2 - HPS had the highest infection rates in their types, respectively as 49.06%, 33.96% and 16.98%. All these above showed that PRRSV, S.pn, PCV2, Pm, MH and HPS were major pathogens of PRDC in Sichuan, having high infection rates over 40.00%, and pathogens above were easy to co-infected to worsen the situation, but it was limited, which indicated that there was a certain mechanism between pathogens to help them inhibit each other to gain growth advantage. And the investigation can help research on the mechanism of inhibition and interaction between pathogens, which may provide insight.

The ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation combined with chestnut shell to absorb the Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions in stimulated water and real waste water was studied. Compared to the Heating absorption, Irradiation absorption has the same removal rate of Pb²⁺ in simulated waste water, and has the low removal rate of Cd²⁺ in simulated waste water. After Irradiation absorption, addition heating reduced both removal rate of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions. In most of the real waste water, the Irradiation absorption has higher removal rate than the Heating absorption. Hence, the ⁶⁰Co-γ irradiation combined can replace the heating as energy source to combine with chestnut shell to absorb the Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions from the real waste water.

By comparing the different definitions of integrity in western and eastern cultures, this paper analyzes the external and internal causes to the various unethical behaviors of China's food companies such as adulteration, sub-standard quality, counterfeit, sales of outdated food, based on the study of the uniqueness of the food industries as it is a fast-developing sector in China producing the irreplaceable sustenance that are essential to people's lives.

Pharmaceutical microbiology was increasingly important in the pharmaceutical teaching field, which has become an important basic course in pharmaceutical education. The practice and exploration of Pharmaceutical microbiology teaching reform has been carried out in our college for many years. Summarizing and exploring pharmacy microbiology teaching content and methods from many aspects, initially established a suitable professional pharmaceutical microbiology teaching system, it get the students' recognition and praise through years of practice.

Medicinal chemistry is a very important subject in the pharmaceutical field, and it is also the necessary special knowledge and skill of the pharmacy job holders. Case-based learning (CBL) is an instructional design model that is a variant of project-oriented learning. It is the most appropriate teaching methodologies for training qualified pharmacy talents. Reasonable case–based learning can fully inspire the abilities and desires of the students' to analyze and solve problems. Students can broad their specialist knowledge, expand their field of vision during the process.

Groundwater evaporation (GE) and soil temperature (ST) are important for field crops. The characteristics of GE and ST using non-weighing lysimeters were thus studied. The study consisted of five treatments: plastic mulch with a water table at 1.5 m but with five percentages of open areas (POs), that is 0.78%, 2.50%, 5.00%, 10.00% and 100% (CK). And the ST in the 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm layers were monitored. The results indicated that (1) The salt crusts formed around punched holes could inhibit GE and soil water lost, leading to a non-linear relationship between accumulated GE and opening area. The accumulated GE reduced by 73.77%, 69.07%, 60.17% and 66.63% for the design with PO of 0.78%, 2.50%, 5.00% and 10.00%, respectively, comparing with CK. (2) Modified Averiyanov and Ye equations had a high accuracy in calculating GE under plastic mulch with PO less than 10%. (3) In summer of experimental area, GE was larger at night than in daytime, and its major consumption periods were around 2:00~10:00 and 18:00~22:00. Further analyses showed that GE was significantly affected by topsoil temperature. This meant that it was restrained when ST decreased with increasing depth; conversely, it was enhanced when ST increased with increasing depth.

The dimensions, contents and influencing factors of the residents' attitudes are constructed as the starting point and foundation of the ecological compensation attitude study. This paper chooses Li River Basin as the research object, and measuring the attitude of local residents as the starting point, by using factor analysis to analyze the dimensions, contents and influencing factors of the residents' attitudes towards ecological compensation. The result shows that the dimensions of Li River Basin residents' attitude towards ecological compensation can be divided into three areas: “compensation cognition”, “environmental benefits”, and “economic interests”; Li River Basin residents strongly hope to get ecological compensation, meanwhile, hold neutral attitude towards the environmental benefits and economic interests brought by Tourism. There are significant differences between the residents' attitudes towards ecological compensation in different demographic groups of Li River Basin.

Knowledge sharing is one of the major driving forces to success and in the future, the development of agriculture depends to a great extent on the opening degree of knowledge sharing. This essay emphasizes on studying from the system and the agricultural practice. On the matter of the system, we study the series of policies the government takes to support the knowledge sharing system based on the opening of industry, university and research. On the matter of agricultural practice, we have analysed the composition and the future developing trends of the knowledge sharing system in the present development of agriculture in China.

Photosynthetic indexes of Cassia bakeriana, Syzygium hainanense, Ilex rotunda and Phoebe sheareri seedlings were determined under simulated low temperature stress using artificial climate chambers. The results showed that with increasing low temperature time, the net of photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) transpiration rate (T_r) and stomatal limitation (L_s) of seedlings of the four tree species decreased; intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) of C. bakeriana fluctuated and then increased, S. hainanense continuously increased, I. rotunda and P. sheareri decreased followed by an increase. Two days after low-temperature release, P_n, T_r, G_s and L_s of seedlings of the four species increased. C_i of C. bakeriana, S. hainanense, and P. sheareri increased, whereas I. rotunda decreased. The photosynthetic indexes of seedlings of the four tree species was evaluated using principal component analysis, indicating that cold-resistance ability decreased in the order of C. bakeriana>P. sheareri>I. rotunda>S. hainanense

Liao Star 20 as test materials, using three different concentrations of photosynthetic bacterial manure (respectively diluted 500 times, 400 times, 400 times) into the same amount of solution in the 500 ml beaker, the results were compared with equal parts water. After training in jointing stage of plant height, root length. After growth to the appropriate degree of indoor KaoZhong, measuring plant fresh weight and dry weight per plant. The results show that the different concentration of photosynthetic bacterial manure can obviously increase the rice growth conditions, the effect of diluted 400 times, 500 times to optimal; Photosynthetic bacterial manure can increase after jointing stage and leaf chlorophyll content, increase the photosynthetic rate, thus improve the biological yield, spraying 500 times, 400 times, 300 times the photosynthetic bacterial manure, respectively, compared with weight by 29%, 39.9%, 13.6%.

To develop a rapid, accurate and sensitive method for determining the number of total coliforms, a new approach was established based on the performance of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) medium combined with spectrophotometric detection. Bromocresol purple was used as the main indicator and the culture mixture was grown for 8 h at 36 °C. When the color of the culture reached stability, the intensity at 420 nm indicated the total coliform numbers in samples. The results of the new method were correlated to the actual content of bacteria (correlation coefficient, R² = 0.982). One-hundred and forty samples were tested by the new method and the traditional most probable number (MPN) method; the results of the two methods were compared. The new method was credible and accurate within the 95% confidence interval of the MPN method. Compared with the MPN method, the sensitivity of detection was increased. The TTC/spectrophotometric method saves testing time and produces results with a higher confidence level than the MPN method and may therefore be useful for the detection of total coliforms in many fields.

The study, based on questionnaires, with residents of five typical urban areas----Dongxihu district, Xinzhou district, Caidian district, Jiangxia district and Qingshan district----- in Wuhan as the objects, is aimed to investigate five methods of reducing indoor air pollution, including natural ventilation, plant purification, active carbon adsorption, air cleaners use and curtains installation. The study has recorded the residents' adoption of these five methods, made an analysis of factors which affect residents' recognition of the methods, and evaluate the residents' health risks caused by indoor air pollution. The result shows that the acceptance of the methods varies greatly among the residents. Most of them accept Method A, followed by Method C, Method D, Method B and Method E successively. The acceptance of the method also varies from age to age. Group 2 (the age between 20 to 29) accepts least, followed by group 3 (the age between 30 to 39), group 1 (the age between 12 to 19) and group 4 (the age between 40 to 65). The residents do not think highly of these five methods, especially those people who are at the age of 20 to 29. There is a relatively low rate on the understanding about these five methods. Survey shows that the residents who know least belong to group 1, followed by group 3, group 2 and group 4 successively.

Rural settlements consolidation is the best choice to carry out the new-type urbanization strategy, but current rural settlements consolidation is insufficient, which may restrict the rural settlements consolidation in the process of new urbanization. In order to explore the current situation and development trend of rural settlements consolidation research, this paper firstly gave a general review of rural settlements classification research from different major angles, then pointed out the major deficiencies and pressures currently existing in rural settlements consolidation based on the analysis of the related literatures. Based on this, we gave some appropriate suggestions for rural settlements consolidation in the process of new-type urbanization, so as to provide references for relative researches. The paper concludes that the deficiencies and pressures currently existing in rural settlements consolidation are typical and common. In the new period, rural settlements consolidation should be people-oriented and integrate smoothly into rural land comprehensive improvement project. In order to realize the high quality rural settlements consolidation and steadily push forward the new-type urbanization, It should develop a new mode of community to promote the population agglomeration; It should give priority to peasants' rights and interests and gradually realize intensive land; It should timely introduce rural land financial mechanism to augment support of rural residential renovation funds; It should focused on rural public infrastructure to improve the living environment and people's well-being, at the same time, it should pay attention to the landscape construction and ecological protection, too.

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of cherry L-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase (GPP) and the relationship between its expression pattern and ascorbic acid (AsA) in cherry. cDNA of GPP, which was cloned from fruit of cherry, has an 813-bp open reading frame and encodes a protein of 270 amino acid residues. Both of its cDNA and amino acid sequence showed high similarity with GPP genes reported in other plants. AsA concentration was the highest in young fruit post-anthesis and then decreased steadily toward maturation. mRNA expression patterns of GPP showed a pattern of change similar to that of AsA accumulation in cherry fruit development. Also, AsA content and mRNA expression levels of GPP were detected in different tissues of cherry. The results showed that both AsA content and mRNA expression levels of GPP were higher in leaves than that in fruit, in young fruit was higher than that in mature fruit, and while in peel was higher than that in flesh.

The response of ecosystem to agricultural development can have good understanding of land use, the regional ecological environment change and maintaining the ecological balance, which has the vital significance to improve the utilization rate of land and agricultural development to promote the sustainable development of regional social economy. Advice and suggestions were given involving the climate change tendency in the country and problems in agricultural development. Proposals for carrying out cooperation in agriculture between the two sides were put forward.

Taking 1 year-old Elaeocarpus sylvestris seedlings as test materials, density effect on physiological characteristics of the seedlings was studied using pot experiment. The seedlings were planted with four different densities: 1, 2, 4 and 8 seedlings of each bag (density I, density II, density III and density IV). Physiological indexes of the different density seedlings were determined. The results showed that with increasing density, changes in contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar and MDA in the leaves of the seedlings were not significant, soluble protein content and SOD activity increased followed by a decrease, whereas proline content decreased.

Taking seeds of Cichorium intybus L. as materials, using the method of germination in petri dish, effect on C. intybus L. seeds germination under different concentrations of NaCl, NaHCO₃ solution and both 1:1 mixed solution stress and after the stress being removed was studied, in order to investigate salinity tolerance ability of C. intybus L. seeds. The results showed that seed germination rate, germination potential and relative germination rate was decreased with NaCl, NaHCO₃ and both 1:1 mixed concentration was increased. At high concentration, the inhibitory effect of seed was the most significant. The optimal, critical and limit value of NaCl that affected relative germination rate was 3.509‰, 5.644‰, 7.779‰; these of NaHCO₃ concentration was 3.448‰, 5.736‰, 8.023‰ and these of both 1:1 mixed concentration was 4.076‰, 6.654‰, 9.232‰. The results of relief stress suggested that seeds stressed of higher concentration of NaCl, NaHCO₃ and both 1:1 mixed still had greater germination capacity especially, it showed the seeds of C. intybus L. had stronger resistance to salt and alkali.

In order to control plant height and inhibit over growth, potted blueberry were treated with Chlorcholinchlorid (CCC) by spraying on the leaves, effects of CCC on the plant height, stem diameter, canopy width, pitch spread and leaf thickness were investigated. The results showed that optimum dwarfing treatment for blueberry was application CCC solutions of 300 mg/L or 600 mg/L, the effect was most accord with dwarfing objective of pot culture.

Density effect on physiological characteristics in Michelia chapensis seedlings was studied using potted method. The seedlings were planted with four different densities: 1, 2, 4 and 8 seedlings of each plant bag (density I, II, III and density IV). The physiological characteristics of the seedlings under different densities were determined. Results showed that density effect on contents of chlorophyll and proline was not obvious. Soluble sugar content of 1 seedling bag^-1 was significantly greater than that of other density seedlings. With increasing density, soluble protein content increased firstly and then decreased, whereas the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased.

Phyllostachys nidularia Munro is the favorite food of captive giant panda in China, it is necessary to build bamboo produce base for captive panda, especial after the 5.12 Wench Earthquake. In order to get effective culture technique for bamboo base building, we did cultivation test of Ph. Nid (Phyllostachys nidularia Munro) in Gengda town in Wolong nature reserve in rainy season of this year, up to now we already finished transplanting and did six times survey about the bamboo growing and got some useful data. The paper recorded and analysis the data, and the result showed that recovering, shooting and survival rate of our test are all better than normal planting pattern, especially leave 3 branches and use specific compound bamboo fertilizer contributed to higher survival rate and shooting, but the number of leaving branches has no obvious effect on shorten recovering length.

To distinguish the similarities and differences of flue-cured tobacco aroma-note between Yunnan and Fujian, the student-t test, correlation analysis and regression method were adopted to study 157 flue-cured tobacco samples collected from Yunnan and Fujian. The results indicate that fresh-sweetness, straw, and burnt are the top three aroma-notes in Yunnan and Fujian flue-cured tobacco. There is a negative correlation between fresh-sweetness and green in Yunnan and Fujian flue-cured tobacco. However, the aroma-note difference between them is also significant. The fresh-sweetness (green) in Yunnan flue-cured tobacco is stronger (weaker) than Fujian flue-cured tobacco. The differences of corresponding routine chemical components are the content of kalium and chlorine. The content of kalium (chlorine) in Yunnan flue-cured tobacco is significantly lower (higher) than Fujian flue-cured tobacco. The fresh-sweetness and green in Yunnan flue-cured tobacco are closely related to reduced sugar, kalium and the ration of kalium to chlorine, but such relationship is not obvious in Fujian flue-cured tobacco. The green in all aroma-notes could be used as a key index to distinguish the Yunnan flue-cured tobacco and the Fujian flue-cured tobacco.

The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is one of the most endangered animals. Reasonable protective measures have been carried out by Russia to ensure a basically stable growth of the Amur tiger population since 1930s, and the population has grown to more than 500. There are only 20 Amur tigers in China for now. Global Land Cover 2000 and GlobCover 2009 were used as the data sources to analyze and investigate the land cover status of the Amur tiger distribution regions in China and Russia. The results showed: The human activity area was decreasing in the entire Amur tiger distribution region, and this situation was more remarkable in China. On the whole, Russia had higher forest coverage and better forest quality, leading to a certain difference between the habitats for the Amur tiger in China and Russia. A comparison of land covers of the Amur tiger distribution regions in China and Russia would provide scientific reference and basis for the conservation of the Amur tiger in China.

Immune function effects of Schisandra Yangzheng oral solution (SYOS) were investigated in this study. 48 Kunming female mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, low-dose SYOS group (L- SYOS, 10mL/kg • d), medium-dose SYOS group (M- SYOS, 20mL/kg • d) and high-dose SYOS group (H- SYOS, 40mL/kg • d), and there were 12 mice in each group. All the mice in the different groups were given the corresponding agents orally and those in the control group was given the same volume of distilled water once a day continuously for 20 days. After the last administration, phagocytic index of mice in all the groups were measured by carbon clearance experiment was conducted, to examine the phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophages of Schisandra Yangzheng oral solution. 40 Female C57 mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, low-dose SYOS group (L- SYOS, 10mL/kg • d), medium-dose SYOS group (M- SYOS, 20mL/kg • d) and high-dose SYOS group (H- SYOS, 40mL/kg • d), and there were 12 mice in each group. All the mice in the different groups were given the corresponding agents orally and those in the control group was given the same volume of distilled water once a day continuously for 20 days. After the last administration, lymphocyte transformation rates induced by ConA were measured to examine the appreciation ability of T lymphocytes. The results showed that after the administration, the phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophages and appreciation ability of T lymphocytes were enhanced in all the SYOS-treated groups, suggesting that Schisandra Yangzheng oral solution has a significant immune enhancement effect, and can be developed into a safe health functional food with a immunostimulating function, but its mechanism should be explored by further experiments.