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This paper investigates determinants of energy and emission intensities of manufacturing firms in India, from 2000 to 2014. Given that Indian manufacturing sector is one of the world’s most polluting sectors in terms of CO₂ emissions; we arrive at firm level determinants of energy and carbon dioxide emission intensities from consumption of three primary sources of energy, namely (1) Coal, (2) Natural Gas and (3) Petroleum. The results of the regression analysis suggest that there are inter-firm differences in energy and emission intensity. The results indicate that smaller and larger firms are both energy and emission intensive compared to medium sized firms. Similarly, firms spending more in research and development activities are found to be energy and emission efficient, compare to others. Hence, in the global competitive business environment, Government of India should carefully formulate policies suitable for the medium sized firms to make them energy and emission efficient.

The production and consumption of crude oil became a major issue with the sharp increase in crude oil prices that took place during the last few months. We investigate the relationship between crude oil consumption and the GDP of the top crude oil consuming countries. The amount of GDP produced per barrel of crude oil varies significantly between different countries; the ratio is in the range of 2% to 10% of the GDP when the price of a barrel of crude oil is $100. The paper attempts to explain the high variability with the aim of learning from high GDP producers as to how they are able to generate a larger GDP per barrel of crude oil consumption. The paper also identifies a hysteresis effect in crude consumption reduction and illustrates how understanding it can lead to better production and conservation policies.

Knowledge managements (KM) increases the capability of organisations and companies in today's competitive environment. It is important that managers in petroleum companies proactively prepare their organisations and its members as they begin to implement KM systems. Then, as the first step, they should assess their organisations' readiness for KM implementation. Therefore, in this paper, we chose Iran as one of the main petroleum producers in the world to study the readiness of National Iranian Oil Company for KM implementation. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the company, based on stratified random sampling technique. The paper investigated the readiness of five variables including, management support, organisational culture, IT infrastructure, human resources and organisational structure for KM implementation in the company. Results revealed that the company lacked the necessary readiness to successfully implement KM. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results indicated that there was a significant difference between the readiness levels of five KM variables. IT infrastructures and organisational structure were in higher readiness to implement KM in the company, followed by management support, human resources and organisational culture, respectively. Top management should plan to reduce weaknesses and implement a proper KM system in the company.

In this study, electrochemical oxidation of petroleum was performed for the first time. Since petroleum is a rich source of hydrocarbons, its oxidation and electron production resulting in the production of electricity which is green energy is much more efficient than burning it. Electrochemical oxidation of petroleum with Ni-porphyrin-modified graphite electrode in alkaline media and by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were investigated. Due to the existence of two aqueous and organic phases, adsorption played a vital role in the process. To further confirm the accuracy of petroleum electrooxidation, electrooxidation of its compounds such as xylene and toluene was performed with the Ni-porphyrin electrode and by the mentioned techniques, which confirmed the previous data.

The potential utilization of enzymes in waste treatment technology to remove hazardous materials presents a new alternative on complementary technologies in environmental engineering, targeting environmental protection, waste management, and human health. A wide variety of enzymes could be utilized in waste treatment processing in free (soluble) or immobilized designs to accelerate the degradation of associated organic matter including various wastes in liquid, solid, or liquid-solid appearances. According to the base of wastes, enzymatic treatment could be categorized into industrial and municipalwastes, including food, distillery, textile, and hormones and petroleum or coal tars and chemical wastes that include a wide range of pollutant causing water and soil contaminations.

This chapter presents an overview of energy futures markets. A brief description of the history and emergence of energy futures markets is provided along with the current status of energy futures markets on global exchanges. The two leading energy exchanges in the world are the NYMEX (owned by CME Group) and ICE Futures Europe (a subsidiary of ICE). This chapter also discusses characteristics of successful and unsuccessful energy futures contracts, the types of energy futures and options, along with hedging examples, and price and return behavior in energy futures markets (i.e., backwardation, contango, mean reversion, and seasonality).