Narrow Results

We examine the imbalance thermodynamics of uncontaminated decoherence in graphene. In a uncontaminated decoherence process, no exchange of energy takes place directly between graphene and the surroundings. It is seen that due to decoherence heat dissolution takes place due to which energy of the environment cannot remain conserved. In this paper, we find out the energy eigenvalues and wave function in the graphene from the perturbed Hamiltonian to find out the density matrix and entropy of the system and their unique relation between the density matrix, momentum of the graphene and entropy where the graphene is taken as an open system. In graphene, the behavior of electrons is controlled by the massless Hamiltonian and ($2+1$) Dirac equation.

We elaborate two different methods for extracting from data the relative phase of two amplitudes of some sequential decays of baryons. We also relate this phase to a particular physical angle. Moreover, we suggest how to infer some time-reversal (TR) odd observables — in particular, asymmetries — from data. Last, we comment on the Standard Model (SM) predictions of such asymmetries, showing that most of the decays considered are quite suitable for revealing possible new physics (NP) contributions.

Based on 14 M ψ′ events, systematic studies have been make for hadronic decays, which are conerned with 12% rule test, phase analysis and form factor measurement. All these studies are helpful for understanding the decay dynamics in charmonium region.

This paper’s aim is to describe the results of the phase transformation of BCuAl₉Fe₄ alloy after casting, quenching and aging. After casting, the microstructure of this alloy consists of $\alpha$ phase with grain size about 100 $\mu$m, mixture $(\alpha +\gamma )$ and the inter-metallic phase Fe₃Al. However, the proportion of the $\alpha$ phase in the casting alloy is coarse. The alloy was heated at $850^{\circ }$C for 2 h then quickly cooling in water. After quenching, the microstructure of alloy shows that the grain size reduced to about 40 $\mu$m. After quenching, the alloy was aged at $350^{\circ }$C for 2 h, the martensite phase of this alloy decomposed into order phase ($\alpha +{\gamma }_2)$ with fine grain size, dispersed in the matrix. The intermetallic phase was fine and evenly dispersed in the matrix. By TEM analysis, after heat treatment, the structure of martensite and the inter-metallic phase in this alloy which had small grain size were formed.

Using the invariant operator method and the unitary transformation method together, we obtained discrete and continuous solutions of the quantum damped driven harmonic oscillator. The wave function of the underdamped harmonic oscillator is expressed in terms of the Hermite polynomial while that of the overdamped harmonic oscillator is expressed in terms of the parabolic cylinder function. The eigenvalues of the underdamped harmonic oscillator are discrete while that of the critically damped and the overdamped harmonic oscillators are continuous. We derived the exact phases of the wave function for the underdamped, critically damped and overdamped driven harmonic oscillator. They are described in terms of the particular solutions of the classical equation of motion.

In this paper, cobalt metal is investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the Pak–Doyam potential. The models of cobalt metal are constructed in a wide temperature range. The simulation reveals that the cobalt metal may exist in three phases: amorphous, nano-crystalline and liquid in the temperature range from 200 K to 1500 K. The structure of obtained models Co is analyzed through the radial distribution function (RDF), coordination number distribution and dependence of the Wendt–Abraham ratio defined as g_min/g_max under temperature. The simulation found a large number of native vacancies depending on the relaxation degree. The number of these native vacancies can play a role of diffusion vehicle for cobalt atom in amorphous matrix. The diffusion coefficient of cobalt atom in liquid and amorphous phases is evaluated by Einstein equation and concentration of native vacancies.

The problem of phase synchronization of Chua's chaotic oscillators is investigated. We consider Chua's circuit when it exhibits a chaotic attractor and apply a single pulse stimulus. It is shown that under certain conditions the system displays self-referential phase reset (SPR) phenomenon. This is a case when the reset phase of the chaotic oscillation is independent on the initial phase, hence on the time moment when the stimulus has been applied. In an ensemble of chaotic oscillators simultaneously stimulated, the SPR yields mutual phase coherence or synchronization between the units. We describe basic dynamical mechanisms of the effect and show how it can be used for controllable cluster formation and for the control of chaotic dynamics.

It is shown that in a number of cases mission success probabilities and related reliability measures can be determined, once appropriate mission phases are defined. The results are general, i.e., not limited to the Markov model case, but intentionally kept “simple” by considering only few components and few different phases. The problems specifically addressed (and solved) are: (1) Non-ideal switches for activating spares, (2) and (3) degraded operation, and change from TMR (Triple Modular Redundancy) to simplex structure on the first component failure, respectively, (4) preventive renewals after alternating periods, and (5) load-dependent two-phased life time distribution.

Polycrystalline vanadium oxide (VO_x) thin films with mixed phases of V₆O₁₃ + VO₂ (M) are deposited onto p-doped Si (100) substrates at 430°C using magnetron sputtering. By vacuum annealing on as-deposited VO_x thin films at 450°C, at different annealing times we obtained nanoscale polycrystalline VO_x thin films with two or more mixed phases. With the annealing time increasing, the phases of the films underwent the following transformation: V₆O₁₃ + VO₂ (M) → VO₂ (M) + VO₂ (B) → VO₂ (B) + VO₂ (M) + V₅O₉ → V₄O₇ + V₅O₉. The surface of VO_x thin films prepared in different conditions is of high quality with mean grain size ranging from 80 to 300 nm and the R_a being about 20nm. The lowest temperature coefficient of resistance at ambient temperature (20°C) of -2% K^-1 is found in the VO_x thin film annealed at 450°C for 8 h with mixed phases of VO₂ (M) + VO₂ (B), which can meet the needs of microbolometer materials.

Samples from stochastic signals having sufficient complexity need reveal only a little unexpected shared structure, in order to reject the hypothesis that they are independent. The mere failure of a test of statistical independence can thereby serve as a basis for recognizing stochastic patterns, provided they possess enough degrees-of-freedom, because all unrelated ones would pass such a test. This paper discusses exploitation of this statistical principle, combined with wavelet image coding methods to extract phase descriptions of incoherent patterns. Demodulation and coarse quantization of the phase information creates decision environments characterized by well-separated clusters, and this lends itself to rapid and reliable pattern recognition.

We investigate the use of Hilbert wavelet pairs (HWPs) in the non-decimated discrete wavelet transform for the time-varying spectral analysis of multivariate time series. HWPs consist of two high-pass and two low-pass compactly supported filters, such that one high-pass filter is the Hilbert transform (approximately) of the other. Thus, common quantities in the spectral analysis of time series (e.g., power spectrum, coherence, phase) may be estimated in both time and frequency. Compact support of the wavelet filters ensures that the frequency axis will be partitioned dyadically as with the usual discrete wavelet transform. The proposed methodology is used to analyze a bivariate time series of zonal (u) and meridional (v) winds over Truk Island.

In this paper, an efficient multi-scale image disparity estimation algorithm is proposed which estimates the local displacements needed to align different regions between a pair of images. This phase-based approach is based on fractional dual-tree complex wavelet transform (FrDTCWT). In the proposed FrDTCWT, initially we obtained the fractional Fourier transform of the image. We decomposed the fractional transformed image by dual-tree complex wavelet transform into real and imaginary parts. The complex analytic signal is obtained from the real-valued function which is obtained from this FrDTCWT. The FRDTCWT inherits the excellent mathematical properties of DTCWT and FrFT. Phase and amplitude of the image are computed from the complex analytic signal. The disparity is estimated as the optical flow using the phase difference method. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is carried out by different experiments on synthetic as well as on realistic image sequences.

In this paper, we introduce a new quantum key distribution protocol, which we refer to as polarization-phase (PoP) protocol. In this protocol, two degrees of photonic freedom of the same particle in a hybrid manner are used to encode the information in the format of two- or high-dimensional quantum states (qubits and qudits, respectively). Here, we only discuss the qubit version of the general PoP protocol (we refer to two-dimensional PoP (TD-PoP) protocol) as an interesting extension for the standard BB84 protocol. We investigate the performance of the TD-PoP protocol using infinite-key analysis against restricted individual attacks, i.e. the intercept-resend and photon number splitting attacks, in both ideal single-photon and Poisson (attenuated laser) sources. In addition, we demonstrate that this protocol, despite using two physical dimensions, is simple and fully has empirical implementation capability. Ability to extract two bits of information from each detection event, and increasing the sifting parameter, the secure key rate, and the likelihood of detection of an eavesdropper, are the advantages of the TD-PoP protocol compared to the standard polarization- or phase-encoded BB84 protocol.

In this work, we introduce a high-dimensional polarization-phase (PoP)-based quantum key distribution protocol, briefly named PoP${}^{(d,M)}$, where $d$ is the dimension of a hybrid quantum state including polarization and phase degrees of freedom of the same photon, and $M$ is the number of mutually unbiased bases. We present a detailed description of the PoP${}^{(4,2)}$ protocol as a special case, and evaluate its security against various individual and coherent eavesdropping strategies, and in each case, we compare it with the BB84 and the two-dimensional (TD)-PoP protocols. In all the strategies, the error threshold and the effective transmission rate of the PoP${}^{(4,2)}$ protocol are far greater than the other two protocols. Unlike most high-dimensional protocols, the simplicity of producing and detecting the qudits and the use of conventional components (such as traditional single-photon sources and quantum channels) are among the features of the PoP${}^{(4,2)}$ protocol.

We study some problems arising from the introduction of a complex scalar field in cosmology, modeling its possible behaviors in both the inflationary and dark energy stages of the universe. Such examples contribute to show that, while the complex nature of the scalar field can be indeed important during inflation, it loses its meaning in the later dark-energy dominated era of cosmology, when the phase of the complex field is practically constant, and there is indeed a transition from complex to real scalar field. In our considerations, the Noether symmetry approach turns out to be a useful tool once again. We arrive eventually at a potential containing the sixth and fourth powers of the scalar field, and the resulting semiclassical quantum cosmology is studied to gain a better understanding of the inflationary stage.

A group of heterogeneous latexes poly(butyl acrylate)/poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (PBA/P(St-co-MMA)) were prepared by a semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization process under monomer starved conditions. The glass transition temperature (T_g) and the mechanical properties of the film formed from the composite latex changed with the evolution of the particle morphology. A photon transmission method was used to monitor the phase structure evolution of films which were prepared from core-shell PBA/P(St-co-MMA) latex at room temperature and annealed at 383 K above T_g of the polymers. In addition, the changes of the surface of the film formed from the composite latex with time at 383 K were observed by AFM. The evidence illustrated that the film formed from the core-shell latex particles was metastable. The rearrangement of the phases could occur under proper conditions.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and classify the roles of customers in innovations. In literature on innovations, customers have been increasingly emphasised as a source for innovations and also in how they help develop ideas in their early phases. This paper exemplifies various customer roles in innovations through three case studies. These describe the customer as initiator, as co-producer and as inspiration for business development. Through using role theory to discuss customers in innovations, it becomes explicit how customers may play their traditional roles, add roles or transfer to new roles beyond the scope of being a customer. Furthermore, the paper shows that customer roles change during the innovation process from added or transferred towards more traditional ones.

Ni₂MnAl Heusler alloy is one of the promising materials for the shape memory effect. It has been reported in literature that the magnetic shape effect is observed only when this alloy is in L2₁phase. The appropriate processing parameters to achieve this phase in this alloy, is the subject of our study in this report. The results of our investigations of the structural and magnetic property changes at various stages of processing are reported here. Differential Scanning Calorimeter and dc magnetization measurements have been used to probe structural and magnetic phase transformation of the material after the heat treatment. The structural analysis has been carried out by X-ray diffraction mehod.

The purpose of this research is to make clear the phase spectrum characteristic of earthquake motion. After the introduction of past researches we introduce the concept of fractional Brownian process (FBP). A simple method is proposed to determine the Hurst index and the variance of a given process characterized by the FBP. We find that the phase characteristic of earthquake motion can be expressed by this process which is a non-stationery function of the circular frequency with a constant correlation coefficient. Using several observed earthquake motion we demonstrate this fact and show the efficiency of newly founded result to simulate realistic earthquake motion phase and also compare simulated earthquake motions with those of observed ones. We also simulate design response spectrum compatible earthquake motions by simulating the earthquake motion phase using the identified Hurst index and variance of the given earthquake motion. We investigate the effect of hypocenter distance on the variance and Hurst index of earthquake motion phase, as well as on the mean gradient of earthquake motion phase with respect to the circular frequency.

Performed in this work are complex statistical, fractal and singular analyses of phase properties inherent to birefringence networks of protein crystals consisting of optically-thin layers prepared from blood plasma. Within the framework of a statistical approach, the authors have investigated values and ranges for changes of statistical moments of the first to the fourth orders that characterize coordinate distributions for phase shifts between orthogonal components of amplitudes inherent to laser radiation transformed by blood plasma with various pathologies. In the framework of the fractal approach, determined are the dimensions of self-similar coordinate phase distributions as well as features of transformation of logarithmic dependences for power spectra of these distributions for various types of hominal mammary gland pathologies.