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Planck scale physics represents a future challenge, located between particle physics and general relativity. The Planck scale marks a threshold beyond which the old description of spacetime breaks down and conceptually new phenomena must appear. Little is known about the fundamental theory valid at Planckian energies, except that it necessarily seems to imply the occurrence of a minimal length scale, providing a natural ultraviolet cutoff and a limit to the possible resolution of spacetime.

Motivated by String Theory, the models of large extra dimensions lower the Planck scale to values soon accessible. These models predict a vast number of quantum gravity effects at the lowered Planck scale, among them the production of TeV-mass black holes and gravitons. Within the extra dimensional scenario, the minimal length also comes into the reach of experiment and sets a fundamental limit to short distance physics.

We review the status of Planck scale physics in these effective models.

As toy models for space–time at the Planck scale, we consider examples of fermion systems in discrete space–time which are composed of one or two particles defined on two up to nine space–time points. We study the self-organization of the particles as described by a variational principle both analytically and numerically. We find an effect of spontaneous symmetry breaking which leads to the emergence of a discrete causal structure.

Based on the fundamental last discoveries (such as gravitational waves, Higgs field, gravitating Bose-Einstein photon condensates etc.), guided by the last A. Einstein’s conjecture (about algebraic approach to the combined quantum and continuum description of reality) and directed by the J. Bekenstein-V. Mukhanov approach to the quantum black holes physics and astrophysics, the L. Susskind’s “one photon – one bit” principle and V. Gribov-S. Hawking tunneling effect, one can easily find the simple but consistent algebraic relations and physical laws that govern birth and death of black holes in the Early Universe, its accretion and two-particle emitting (both outside black hole) accompanied with gravitational radiation.

From these basic relations in a natural way derive the Planck units system that confirm the theoretical consistence of presented approach and directly leads to the Planck Scale physics where standard models of the particle physics and cosmology are “blinded”. Presented approach elucidates the physical background of dark matter (black holes), dark energy (gravitational waves), hot Big Bang and two-stage inflation of the Universe. Moreover, it solves many old unsolved problems, such as “cosmic censorship” conjecture, information loss paradox, black hole “end-point” problem, “cosmological constant” problem and so on.

The great importance for the validation of presented approach and it results had the comparison with “Planck-2018” data and other relevant information from the sources of observational cosmology, astrophysics, gravitational waves astronomy and numerical relativity.