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The present book deals with more than thirty years of research performed in Chemical Physics with uniform supersonic flows and CRESU-like apparatuses. As such, it is linked to processes occurring at temperature close to absolute zero, studied for their theoretical interest or for their key role in ultracold media. The goal of this first chapter is to introduce a few concepts and equations that are ubiquitous within this context. The leading thread is the question of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) in dilute gases, complete or partial, and how it is implied in kinetic processes (Section 1.2), cold astrophysical media (Section 1.3), laboratory methods (Section 1.4), and the derivation of hydrodynamic equations (Section 1.5). It has been chosen to use the Boltzmann equations to derive the link between microscopic quantities (as state-to-state cross sections) and macroscopic quantities (as rate coefficients). How they are used in the derivation of hydrodynamic equations is also highlighted. The key role of distribution functions for translational or internal energies either in astrophysical media (Section 1.3) or laboratory methods (Section 1.4) is discussed. Note that the concept of temperature is itself subtle and is discussed at length in Section 1.2.

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is one of the most aggressive invasive species globally, and it has spread widely in Asia and Europe. Its unique morphological and physiological characteristics enable it to survive in high-temperature and hypersaline environments. The invasion of the Chinese mitten crab can damage the local aquatic ecology, including flora and fauna, necessitating the implementation of monitoring and control measures. Consuming the invasive crab is a potential strategy to prevent its further spread worldwide. This chapter documents the success of transforming this invasive species into a valuable food source in China. Notably, there is a significant demand for Chinese mitten crabs in China, with potential markets in several other Asian countries. However, natural Chinese mitten crabs often grow in polluted water, accumulating undesirable substances (e.g., pathogens and heavy metals). These substances could pose significant health hazards when consumed by humans. Therefore, adhering to proper cultivation techniques is essential to ensuring the safety of the crabs for human consumption.

Every year there are as many as 20,000 scientific papers and reports published about the science of climate and climate change, and the resulting impacts and policy implications. The vast majority of these publications are rigorously done and are peer reviewed before publication, Since about 1990, on a time scale of roughly every 4–6 years, top experts are being asked to assess the state of the science and the implications of the changes occurring in the climate. Internationally, this occurs through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and for the United States, through the US National Climate Assessments (NCAs). These assessments provide important input to policy considerations, at international, national, and local levels…

The article on the Climate Science Special Report: 4th U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I, summarizes the basis and the requirements for developing U.S. national climate assessments. The reader is referred to that material, as it is not repeated here. Instead, the focus in this chapter is on NCA4, Volume II, which is an assessment of climate-related impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States. NCA4, Volume II (USGCRP, 2018), was published on November 23, 2018, and the entire assessment report is available at NCA2018.globalchange.gov…

Economic research on the impact of higher temperatures on economic activity in developed countries has traditionally focused on economic activities that are naturally exposed to outdoor weather conditions, primarily agriculture. However, agriculture is a small fraction of total economic production in most developed countries, such as the United States. Colacito, Hoffmann and Phan (2019) (henceforth CHP) provide a more complete picture of the economic effects of higher temperatures in the United States, by documenting a strong negative effect of rising summer temperatures on a broad range of sectors of the U.S. economy, including Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate. Furthermore they show that these effects are particularly strong during the summer season, and have been subject to acceleration during the last 20 years.

Using the microcomputer control electron universal testing machine, both 1-3 and 1-3-2 PZT/epoxy piezoelectric composites prepared in our lab have been test with directional pressure. The permittivity, resonant frequency and dielectric loss of the composites have been measured under vertical force. Simultaneously, the parameters can be measured with a temperature test box, and the variety of the material properties can be obtained with pressure and temperature. The result showed that both the permittivity and the resonant frequency of 1-3 and 1-3-2 PZT/epoxy piezoelectric composites increased with pressure enhancing, 1-3-2 composites increase less than 1-3 composites. With the increase of temperature, the permittivity of two type composites decrease, the resonant frequency increase. The fluctuation range of dielectric loss of all these samples is very small while the pressure varied from 0 to 6 MPa. It is no more than 0.04. While or the temperature changed from -50 to 100 °C, the state is the same. The experimental data of these two type composites indicated that the stability of 1-3-2 composite with pressure is better than that of 1-3 composite, and the stability of these two types are almost the same with temperature.

Cellulose paper is used as a basis of Electro-active paper (EAPap) actuator. EAPap actuator is a new and promising biomimetic actuator due to its characteristics of lightweight, biodegradable, dryness, large displacement output, low actuation voltage and low power consumption. EAPap is a complex anisotropic material, which has not been extensively characterized and additional basic testing is required before developing application devices. Therefore, mechanical properties of EAPap are investigated in this work under different environmental condition such as humidity and temperature. The pulling test results provide that the humidity and temperature heavily impact the mechanical properties of EAPap. Electro-mechanical coupling effects are also investigated by applying electric field during the pulling test. Strong shear electro-mechanical coupling effects are observed when comparing relative increment of mechanical properties under electric excitation. It is concluded that strong shear piezoelectricity of EAPap actuator are existed.

A cantilever beam and fiber Bragg grating is used to measure acceleration. The cantilever induces strain on the grating resulting in a Bragg wavelength modification that is subsequently detected. The output signal is insensitive to temperature variations and for a temperature change from −20°C to 40 °C, the output signal fluctuated less than 5% without any temperature compensation schemes. Because the sensor does not utilize expensive and complex demodulation techniques it is potentially inexpensive. For the experimental system a linear output range of 8 g could be detected.

The Self-Consistent Green's Function's (SCGF) method at the level of the ladder approximation is used to calculate the free-energy of symmetric nuclear matter. The ladder approximation considers the propagation of particles and holes which translates into the incorporation of significant correlations in the wave function. These correlations are reflected in the shape of the single-particle spectral functions. An essential ingredient of the free energy is the entropy, which is calculated with the Luttinger-Ward formalism. In this approach, the finite width of the quasi-particle states is explicitly taken into account. It turns out that the entropy measures thermal effects and the effect of dynamical correlations, already present at zero temperature, is not so relevant for the calculation of the entropy. Preliminary results for the liquid-gas phase transition are also presented.

The keratin is not degraded by common enzyme, keratinases have the ability to degrade native keratin and others insoluble enzymes. In the present work was studied keratinase produced by Streptomyces sp LMI-1 isolated from industrial plant of poultry processing. The enzyme degraded 87% of feathers after 120 h, it was stimulated by Ba²⁺ and inhibited by Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, EDTA and Hg⁺. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme was 8.5 and 60°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable after 2 hours at 50°C. The culture broth analysis by thin layer chromatography showed presence of amino acids serine, methionine, proline, tyrosine and leucine after 72 hours of incubation. The microorganism showed potential for use in industrial process because of higher enzyme production and feathers degradation.

In view of the advantages of traditional methods for temperature measurement in coal mine, a scheme of temperature acquiring and monitoring based on wireless sensor network technology is put forward. The high integrated chip CC2530 including microprocessor and transceiver module is adopted, the digital temperature sensor DS18B20 is employed for acquisition, a wireless network based on ZigBee protocol stack is constructed and it can realize the data transmission between active nodes and slave nodes. The communication between microprocessor and PC is achieved by serial interface. Data processing, saving, displaying or alarming can be implemented. The system demonstrates that it can acquit temperature signal accurately and transmit wirelessly, and it has high precision and strong reliability. It is appropriate for monitoring coal mine.

The cooling system as an important part of the hot forming die design, affects the performance of the parts and mold life. In this paper, the cooling system of typical hot forming mold for automobile was designed, and using simulation software to analyze cooling effect in different cooling parameters on the hot forming mold. The changing rule of the mold temperature under the cooling water for turbulent flow condition with continuous forming 15 cycles as the research object was discussed, as to provide theoretical basis for hot forming mold cooling system design.

Wear and galling are significant issues during production hot stamping processes. This paper uses thermo-mechanical finite element analysis to study the contact pressure, sliding distance and temperature conditions that occur at the wearing interface during hot stamping. Several hot stamping processes are studied, representing the numerous methods that are used in industry to form a typical hat-shaped channel component. These process include crash forming (without blankholder), stamping with a blank holder with an applied blank holder pressure, and stamping with a clearance blank holder (i.e. with spacer blocks). This paper identifies the distinct contact pressure and temperature conditions that occur for each of these forming methods. The regions of the most severe contact conditions are notably different for each of the forming methods. The work from this paper will form the basis for the development of suitable temperature dependent wear models and low cost wear tests for industrial hot stamping applications.

Based on grid icing observation data of Erlang Mountain region in the winter during 2013-2014, the characteristics of the grid icing in the regional Erlang Mountain and time variations were researched. The regional power grid and icing intensity classified into mild, moderate, severe icing, and ice characteristics of the growth process were also studied. Air temperature, wind direction, wind speed and other meteorological elements were discussed in the influence of the strength of the power grid ice. The results showed that: (1) in Erlang mountain areas, most icing are mild to moderate icing, severe icing phenomenon is relatively rare, except for the special effects of the weather system. (2) When the temperature is low, roughly -5 °C ∼ -8 °C is the most conducive to ice crystals due to the air in the water, constant humidity and the lower the air temperature, the faster the ice formation. Certain temperature and humidity result in longer freezing and thicker ice. Wind speed plays a role in transporting water vapor and water droplets have an important influence on the formation of ice. This study demonstrates when the wind speed is at 2 ∼ 6m/s, ice forms the fastest. (3) Temperature, wind speed and quantitative relationship of ice thickness are linear correlation.

The mechanical characteristics of rock salt under uniaxial compression and effected by varying temperatures of 35°C, 50°C and 70°C were studied in this paper. The results demonstrate that the stress-strain curves of rock salt exposed to low temperature under uniaxial compression are similar, illustrating that the mechanical behavior of the rock salt specimens at a temperature range of 35°C to 70°C can reflect the characteristics of underground rock salt. The rock salt mechanical characteristics are found to remain unchanged under conditions of short-term temperature drying. The acoustic emission ringing count frequencies and cumulative ringing counts demonstrated a similar property. Therefore, rock salt uniaxial mechanical properties do not change significantly when the specimens are effected with temperatures ranging from 35°C to 70°C.

According to the problems of the time varying parameters and time lag characteristic in temperature control for glass tempering and annealing process, a kind of self-learning fuzzy controller based on improved genetic algorithm is put forward in this paper. Also, some of the strategies for improving genetic algorithm are stated. The improved algorithm can be used to fast search global optimal weighting factors. Thus the fuzzy control rules are perfected and corrected. The simulation results demonstrate that this kind of control method is suitable for systems with time varying parameters and time lag characteristics.

In this paper we study a quantum field theoretical approach, where a quantum probe is used to investigate the properties of generic non-flat FRLW space time. The fluctuations related to a massless conformal coupled scalar field defined on a space-time with horizon is identified with a probe and the procedure to measure the local temperature is presented.

This paper is to understand and model the thermomechanical response of the rotary forged WHA, uniaxial compression and tension tests are performed on cylindrical samples, using a material testing machines and the split Hopkinson bar technique. True strains exceeding 40% are achieved in these tests over the range of strain rates from 0.001/s to about 7,000/s, and at initial temperatures from 77K to 1,073K. The results show: 1) the WHA displays a pronounced changing orientation due to mechanical processing, that is, the material is inhomogeneous along the section; 2) the dynamic strain aging occurs at temperatures over 700K and in a strain rate of 10^-3 1/s; 3) failure strains decrease with increasing strain rate under uniaxial tension, it is about 1.2% at a strain rate of 1,000 1/s; and 4) flow stress of WHA strongly depends on temperatures and strain rates. Finally, based on the mechanism of dislocation motion, the parameters of a physically-based model are estimated by the experimental results. A good agreement between the modeling prediction and experiments was obtained.

We investigate the magnetic dipole coupling between a metallic surface and an atom in a thermal state, ground state and excited hyperfine state. This interaction results in a repulsive correction and – unlike the electrical dipole contribution – depends sensitively on the Ohmic dissipation in the material.

We give a re-interpretation of an 'entropy defect' in the electromagnetic Casimir effect. The electron gas in a perfect crystal is an electromagnetically disordered system whose entropy contains a finite Casimir-like contribution. The Nernst theorem (third law of thermodynamics) is not applicable.