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We present a metaheuristic-based attack against the traceability of an ultra-lightweight authentication protocol for RFID environments called SLMAP, and analyze its implications. The main interest of our approach is that it constitutes a complete black-box technique that does not make any assumptions on the components of the underlying protocol and can thus be easily generalized to analyze many other proposals.

Many countries have promoted the multilateral commerce in the global market according to the WTO/TBT (Agreement of Technical Barrier to Trade). One of the most important factors to implement this agreement is that the trade goods should be evaluated once in the export or import country. Therefore the test laboratories for product assessment should construct the new management systems to get the same results of tests anywhere in the world. Even the research laboratories are in the same situation as well as the test laboratories because they must compare their data with others for joint study. They should be encouraged to apply the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 to their systems.

Recent rise of social attention towards ethical jewelry has led scientists to a challenge of how to construct analytical systems that can deliver in line with social and supply chain expectations. Of the various kinds of methods, “Proton/Particle-Induced X-ray Emission” (PIXE) seems to be robust and promising in characterizing gemstones because of its capability of trace element analysis without destruction. The authors established a non-standard method to analyze cultured pearls and applied it to test specimens from different places. The results showed that PIXE could detect important elements for pearl study with good accuracy and sensitivity and that pearl chemistry can be useful to differentiate freshwater and marine pearl products.

The building of traceability matrices by those other than the original developers is an arduous, error prone, prolonged, and labor intensive task. Thus, after-the-fact requirements tracing is a process where the right kind of automation can definitely assist an analyst. Recently, a number of researchers have studied the application of various methods, often based on information retrieval after-the-fact tracing. The studies are diverse enough to warrant a means for comparing them easily as well as for determining areas that require further investigation. To that end, we present here an experimental framework for evaluating requirements tracing and traceability studies. Common methods, metrics and measures are described. Recent experimental requirements tracing journal and conference papers are catalogued using the framework. We compare these studies and identify areas for future research. Finally, we provide suggestions on how the field of tracing and traceability research may move to a more mature level.

Recently, there has been growing interest in formalizing UML, thereby enabling rigorous analysis of its many graphical diagrams. Two obstacles currently limit the adoption and use of UML formalizations in practice. First is the need to verify the consistency of artifacts under formalization. Second is the need to validate formalization approaches against domain-specific requirements. Techniques from the emerging field of requirements traceability hold promise for addressing these obstacles. This paper contributes a technique called retrieval by construction (RBC), which establishes traceability links between a UML model and a target model intended to denote its semantics under formalization. RBC provides an approach for structuring and representing the complex one-to-many links that are common between UML and target models under formalization. RBC also uses the notion of value identity in a novel way that enables the specification of the link-retrieval criteria using generative procedures. These procedures are a natural means for specifying UML formalizations. We have validated the RBC technique in a tool framework called UBanyan, written in C++. We applied the tool to three case studies, one of which was obtained from the industry. We have also assessed our results using the two well-known traceability metrics: precision and recall. Preliminary investigations suggest that RBC can be a useful traceability technique for validating and verifying UML formalizations.

An approach for the semi-automated recovery of traceability links between software documentation and source code is presented. The methodology is based on the application of information retrieval techniques to extract and analyze the semantic information from the source code and associated documentation. A semi-automatic process is defined based on the proposed methodology.

The paper advocates the use of latent semantic indexing (LSI) as the supporting information retrieval technique. Two case studies using existing software are presented comparing this approach with others. The case studies show positive results for the proposed approach, especially considering the flexibility of the methods used.

Traceability between software requirements and UML design helps requirement engineers and software developers understand the project goal and software architecture. However, the traceability mapping between the two elements is not well-defined and as a result there is no consistent way to make the traceability between two. A practical guideline is proposed for the traceability between software requirement and UML design. The guideline includes meta-model and process step. The process step defines detailed processes and most importantly, the Requirement-type and its mapping to UML diagrams. Requirements can be categorized based on their aspects and this categorization can be made as Requirement-type. This pre-defined Requirement-type is added to each requirement and this Requirement-type enforces to use certain types of UML diagrams as solutions. This mapping between each Requirement-type and UML diagram is the key of proposed guideline. With the help of the Requirement-type and mapping, traceability link can be made easily and checked automatically. The guideline was applied to the Missile Project and Helicopter Project of ADD (Agency of Defense Development) in South Korea.

We describe a system for the automated certification of safety properties of NASA software. The system uses Hoare-style program verification technology to generate proof obligations which are then processed by an automated first-order theorem prover (ATP). We discuss the unique requirements this application places on the ATPs, focusing on automation, proof checking, traceability, and usability, and describe the resulting system architecture, including a certification browser that maintains and displays links between obligations and source code locations. For full automation, the obligations must be aggressively preprocessed and simplified, and we demonstrate how the individual simplification stages, which are implemented by rewriting, influence the ability of the ATPs to solve the proof tasks. Our results are based on 13 comprehensive certification experiments that lead to 366 top-level safety obligations and ultimately to more than 25,000 proof tasks which have been used to determine the suitability of the high-performance provers DCTP, E-Setheo, E, Gandalf, Otter, Setheo, Spass, and Vampire, and our associated infrastructure. The proofs found by Otter have been checked by Ivy.

Supply chain management is implementing the standards of Industry 4.0 in order to enhance the trust and safety level in the system with invention of the latest technologies. At the same time, the customers are now more focused towards the product quality. Supply chain management is the demand of the era. However, it is difficult to trace and maintain the track data throughout the process during the supply of a product. The traditional solutions were based on centralized third party solutions, where the data is inclined to various security attacks and high risk of tempering. In this paper, a solution for the management of supply of a product has been proposed which is based on IoT with an amalgamation of blockchain so as to increase the transparency of the flow during the supply of the product. The solution will help to enhance the trust as the data will be shared among all participating nodes of the network in blockchain. It also makes instant traceability of the product and this can be done by both the end of the chain. Moreover, this solution will help the consumer to check whether the product is from a reliable source or not. For the implementation and testing of smart contracts the authors have used Remix IDE, MetaMask and RinkeyBy.

The traditional cockpit display-control system usually has great many instruments and much complex information, which leads to the pilots to take a long time to be familiar with the cockpit interface and often cause accidents when emergencies happen. Thus it is necessary to evaluate the cognitive workload of the pilots under multitask conditions. A simplified evaluation method of cognitive workload by approximate entropy (ApEn) of electroencephalography (EEG) is proposed in this paper. We design a series of experiments about the flight instruments, which have different instrument number, pointer speed, and operation difficulty, and collect the EEG, interval time (IT), and misjudgment rate (MR), then classify and analyze these data with ApEn algorithm, traceability, and dualistic linear regression method. It can be found that ApEn is increased with increasing experiment difficulty, which shows that ApEn can be used as the evaluation criteria of cognitive workload. As the ApEn and the number of dipoles have a positive correlation relationship, the cognitive workload and ApEn are both changed with increasing the number of brain dipoles. Taking MR and IT as the independent variables, and ApEn as the dependent variable, we obtain an empirical formula to simplify the assessment process of the cognitive workload. This study concludes that ApEn can be used as the evaluation criteria of cognitive workload, which could be applied in the ergonomics estimation of human-interface interaction field.

This paper focuses on the traceability issue as key element in systems design and management of system. The work is presented through the system engineering framework with a main emphasis on requirements process. Effectively in decision making, the need for traceability model is often required in order to find out the link for a considered decision and often the semantics of such link. With the advent for information technology and integrating technical needs and business goal, the traceability find its essence and many models can now be easily implemented automatically. The paper is based on many experiences carried out ranging from audit to requirement evolution issues for impact analysis.

The improved safety margins in complex systems have attained prime importance in the modern scientific environment. The analysis and implementation of complex systems demands the well quantified accuracy and capability of measurements. Careful measurement with properly identified and quantified uncertainties could lead to the actual discovery which further may contribute for social developments. Unfortunately most scientists and students are passively taught to ignore the possibility of definition problems in the field of measurement and are often source of great arguments. Identifying this issue, ISO has initiated the standardisation of methodologies but its Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) has yet to be adapted seriously in tertiary education institutions for understanding the concept of uncertainty. The paper has been focused for understanding the concepts of measurement and uncertainty. Further a case study for calculation and quantification of UOM for high voltage electrical testing of ceramic insulators has been explained.

The present paper discusses the establishment of traceability of reference grade hydrometers at National Physical Laboratory, India (NPLI). The reference grade hydrometers are calibrated and traceable to the primary solid density standard. The calibration has been done according to standard procedure based on Cuckow's Method and the reference grade hydrometers calibrated covers a wide range. The uncertainty of the reference grade hydrometers has been computed and corrections are also calculated for the scale readings, at which observations are taken.

Over the last period, increasing attention has been paid to measurement of small forces which play a more important role in nanotechnology and other significant areas such as MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) and NEMS (nano-electro-mechanical systems) which can be found into everyday products (mobile phones, MP3 players, PCs, cars). In this respect, the development of mass standards and measurement techniques below the current limit of 1 milligram is vital to provide traceability to the SI for such measurements. In Romania, the Mass laboratory of INM considered it necessary to extend the dissemination of the mass unit below 1 mg, in order to meet current needs. Using the subdivision method and starting from the national prototype kilogram No. 2, all necessary experiments were performed for the first time in Romania to extend mass unit traceability till 100 μg. This extension also supports the provision of mass calibrations for low force measurements. The associated measurement procedure and measurement uncertainty results obtained in the calibration are described. In the article are also presented some of the worldwide methods currently used for measuring small forces.

Blockchain technology has been hailed as the technology of the future, not only for banking and finance but also for supply chain management and logistics. As lack of transparency in global supply chains is a major risk for sustainability, blockchain offers an attractive solution in the form of a reliable platform to create transparency and risk management. Not considering the nascent stage of the technology, companies are investing millions of dollars into blockchain solutions for many business problems including that of supply chains. However, blockchain-enabled networkwide transparency and visibility also inject new dynamics into supply chains through introduction of structural changes like redefining what is organizational boundary, creating new resources, and a new transactional economy for supply chain management. The structural changes also create a fundamental need for organizations in a supply network to adapt their supply chain processes to this new and emerging supply chain structural dynamics for organizational and network-level efficiency and sustainability. For efficient restructuring of the supply chain processes, organizations need clarity regarding what should be the focus of their processes for creating sources of competitive advantage.

Using topic modeling, a text mining technique, this work finds the focus areas of supply chain processes in organizations with examples of successful application of blockchain technology. Apart from how these organizations have integrated the strengths of blockchain in their supply chain processes, we also provide an exhaustive theoretical explanation about how firms can create sources of competitive advantage from blockchain technology. Identification of the focus areas will also help operations and supply chain managers planning to implement blockchain technology and devise plans for data-centric decision-making for their SCM processes for efficiency.

With the evolution of manufacturing industry, traceability is becoming one of the fundamental elements of the modern and sustainable manufacturing processes. However, the traceability information platform under a collaborative and integrated manufacturing environment has not been sufficiently addressed. In this paper, the general architecture of a traceability information management platform is proposed for the manufacturing application scenarios, which consists of three hierarchical layers: object configuration and data collection layer, data management layer, as well as data analytics and application layer. The platform is designed for real-time information capturing and integration and to establish the data foundations for potential applications in data-driven decision-making and process optimization. The proposed solution has been implemented in a textile dyeing production line, and realised manufacturing data collection and management with product traceability services, which showed the feasibility and significance of the proposed framework.

Counterfeit products are the replicated goods of authentic and original brands having indistinguishable packaging, labels, and trademarks on them. It is a very serious threat to economies all over the world. These products are not only causing loss to the nations at great lengths but are also, affecting the employment growth by shutting down the local industries. In the context of India, counterfeiting is no new concept even though, the apparel industry is one of the major contributors to employment and growth in the Indian economy. This chapter focuses on removing the practice of counterfeiting from the Indian apparel industry by examining the ways in which blockchain technology can be integrated with the supply chain management to provide a genuine solution for traceability along with other various contributing operational factors such as reduction in cost, damage and combating the practice of counterfeit products from the apparel industry.

This chapter focuses on supply chain risk management and the use and impact of digitization in this domain. The COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical risks, and natural disasters in recent years underscored the vulnerabilities in supply chains. During the same timeframe, the world also witnessed the emergence of various digital technologies that enable real-time information sharing, data-driven decision-making, and collaboration to enhance operational performance and resilience. In this context, this chapter reviews the transformative role of digital technologies, such as supply chain mapping, visualization tools, Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and early warning systems.

Software configuration management (SCM) is a very important feature in the software development area and in many authoring fields. The main purpose of this survey is to introduce readers to SCM in software and hypermedia engineering, presenting general concepts, principles and techniques and considering advantages and open issues. The new challenges proposed by World Wide Web (WWW), which can be seen both as a complex distributed hypermedia system and as a software development environment, are discussed.

China has carried out of a lot of useful exploration in the quality and safety of agricultural products traceability, and developed a number of management platforms, but there are still many problems, for example supply and demand sides of information asymmetry, transaction costs and risks are too high, poor circulation products and other regulatory agencies and other parties can't effectively participate. This article from the perspective of the theory of the multisided platforms (MSPs), in the analysis of the important features of the MSPs on the basis of the theory, combined with the quality and safety of agricultural products traceability features, discussed on quality safety of agricultural products traceable method of constructing a multisided platform, particularly designed of the path multi-stakeholder participation, and analyzed its characteristics. It is of great significance for agricultural traceability information sharing to achieve symmetry, reduce transaction costs and risks, and the realization of smooth flow products.