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This study sought to investigate techniques for lowering diesel engine emissions by using waste seed as an alternative energy source in place of conventional fossil fuels. This study thoroughly investigated the process of transesterifying waste seed oil obtained from Bauhinia purpurea linn for use as fuel in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) nanoparticles serve as a combustion enhancer. The engine outcome metrics were analyzed using diesel, Bauhinia purpurea linn biodiesel (BPLB) and BPLB-BHT blends ($\mathrm{\text{BPLB}}+10\mu$m BHT 10 ppm and $\mathrm{\text{BPLB}}+20\mu$m BHT 10 ppm) without changing the operating circumstances. At full brake power, the $\mathrm{\text{BPLB}}+10\mu$m BHT 10 ppm mix outperformed the BPLB and $\mathrm{\text{BPLB}}+20\mu$m BHT 10 ppm blends, but fell short of diesel. The $\mathrm{\text{BPLB}}+10\mu$m BHT 10 ppm blend reduced smoke opacity by 39.14%, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 42.71%, carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 59.03% and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions by 12.29% compared to neat diesel fuel at maximum brake power.

Absence of effective waste management measures leads to multidimensional consequences like environmental pollution, spreading of epidemics and land degradation. Along with an increase in waste generation, there is no corresponding increase in waste management measures in India. Innovative methodologies are required for addressing waste management and related issues. This chapter intends to develop an innovative waste management model for India. The authors reviewed the literature on waste management models across the globe with a focus to devise a waste management model suitable for India. The authors proffer a six-level Social Enterprise–Government–Private (SEGP) partnership for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. The focuses of various levels of the model are the reduction of plastic use and waste minimization, helping the poor, waste sorting at source and transferring it to colored waste bins, development of waste collection infrastructure, revenue generation from waste and development of waste management infrastructure. The revenue generated from the SEGP model will overcome the funds’ deficiency-related problems of the government for waste management. The model intends to address the core objective of MSW management with a focus on solving a set of social challenges, such as poverty alleviation, unemployment, pollution and contamination of rivers and oceans.

The aims of this paper are to determine the composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) at the Robinson Deep landfill site (LS) and estimate the economics of setting up a recycling facility. The waste composition study was conducted during the summer period of 2015 at the LS. This was done to determine the quantity of organic wastes that are generated daily as a basis for the waste to energy (WtE) proposition and the quantities of the entire wastes generated for the recycling facilities plan in the City of Johannesburg (CoJ). The samples were classified into nine broad categories. The categories include; paper, organics, plastics, metals, glasses, textiles, construction and demolition (C&D), special care and other wastes. The results of the analysis were classified into two services. The services are Dailies refuse (DR) non-compacted and Round collected refuse (RCR) compacted wastes. The results obtained showed organic wastes to be 14% for the DR and 34% for the RCR. The 14% organic waste generated from the DR was attributed to the consumption patterns of people mostly at work. People in offices tend to buy more packaged food items and a smaller amount of organics are disposed of since wastages are less. The 34% organic wastes from the RCR was attributed to the fact that the majority of the people tend to prepare every of their basic meal from their homes and surplus are made; hence, when the surplus could not be consumed, it is disposed of, as a result, more organics are generated. The economic valuation of the recycling facility was also carried out and this was done on all the waste components to estimate the total cost of setting up a facility to divert all the entire MSWs generated. Based on the results obtained, the total capital investment (TCI) was R 35,643,262.73.