The Hong Kong Journal of Social Work

本文从「参预研究」和「组织发展」两个视角讨论自助小组的增权策略；并以作者推动的两项实践计划加以阐析。两项计划在个人层面及团体层面的增权皆见成效；但在社会和政策方面的影响却是较为薄弱的。作者指出，香港自助小组的功能仍停留在自助和互助所产生的节省社会资源上；若要达至争取平等、改变权力关系及重新分配资源目标，仍待努力。

This paper discusses the empowerment strategies of self-help groups from the perspectives of "Participatory Research" and "Organisation Development", with two practice projects carried out by the authors as illustrations. Results of the projects indicated that the self-help groups involved were empowered at individual and group levels, but not at social and policy levels. The authors pointed out that the function of self-help groups in Hong Kong is at present limited to saving social resources, resulting from self-help and mutual help. There is still a long way to go for self-help groups to achieve the goals of promoting equality, changing community power relationships and re-distributing social resources.

Preliminary psychometric data are presented for two Chinese self-report scales that assess marital communication and conflict resolution. These scales were based on English versions of the scales but adapted to fit the local cultural context. Results showed that the 11-item Marital Communication Scale and the 8-item Chinese Ineffective Arguing Scale produced scores that were internally consistent. Their correlations with the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale were high and significant. There was moderate evidence to support that the scales distinguished between respondents with and without marital problems.

本文报导关於两个婚姻关系量表的发展过程和检订结果。量表之一名为「婚姻沟通量表」，它的内容主要取材于西方有关的量表。在检订前，研究员已按本地文化修订其项目，亦就其原内容不足之处增添了两条题目。第二个量表名为「无效的争辩方式」量表，它有八条题目，亦是按有关的西方量表经修订后采用的。检订结果显示，婚姻沟通量表在删除一条题目后，有颇高的内在一致性信度，而无效的争辩方式量表中八题的分数亦有很高的内在一致性。两个量表的分数和肯萨斯州婚姻满意程度量表有很高的相关，量表的分数亦有助区分带有婚姻问题者和没带婚姻问题者。这些结果都为量表的信度和效度，提供初步的支持。

本文之目的是探索香港市区旧区尤其是油尖旺区贫穷集中的情况，分析市区旧区出现贫穷集中原因，希望能引起社会人士及有关政府部门的关注，避免市区旧区「贫民窟化」的出现。这研究对统计处九六年中期人口统计有关区议会及统计规划小区的统计作资料再分析，当中会集中探讨油尖旺区的贫穷状况及需要。研究的结果显示香港的贫穷问题相当集中于乡郊区及市区旧区，而在市区旧区贫穷状况更集中于地域相当细小的社区。贫穷小社区的特色以私人楼宇及以出租单位为主，共同租户的比例非常高，而居民中老人、单身男性及新来港人士的比例较高，在劳动特徵方面，居民多是零售、批发、出入口、饮食及酒店业的服务工人及建造业的技术工人。本文指出低价私营租务房屋的供应及需求的互动，及社区经济的特色是令贫穷地域集中的原因。最後，本文建议以社区发展的手法为这些贫穷的小社区，进行扶贫作初步的建议，避免市区旧区「贫民窟化」的出现。

This study is a secondary data analysis of the 1996 Population By-census to explore and explain the geographical concentration of poverty in the old urban area in Hong Kong especially in the Yau Tsim Mong District. It suggests that poverty problem in Hong Kong is concentrated in small geographical localities in old urban areas. The characteristic of these small localities is the high ratio of households sharing a quarter with other households. More elderly, unmarried male adult and new arrival residents can be found in these poor communities. Moreover, more residents are employed as service workers and construction workers. The study reports that the concentration of poverty is a result of the interaction between the supply and demand of the low-end rental market of private housing and the development and characteristics of the community economics. Finally, this study recommends using community development as a strategy to alleviate poverty in these localities, as to prevent gettoisation of these old urban areas.

本文的目的，是讨论香港政府的福利信念，并探讨其如何表现于香港医疗融资改革的发展。全文共分为两部份。前部份将介绍香港政府的「积极不干预政策」的基本特性及其所志決保卫的四项「社会福利发展禁区」；而后半部份则引用香港政府多项医疗改革的建议为案例，阐释其维持这些「社会福利发展禁区」的策略。

The aim of this paper is to discuss the Hong Kong government's welfare philosophy and how it is manifested in the reforms of the medical finance. It is mainly divided into two parts. The first part introduces the positive non-interventionalism upheld by the Hong Kong government and how it is related to the four "prohibited areas" to the development of social welfare. The second part illustrates the Hong Kong government's strategy for strengthening these "prohibited areas" with reference to the reforms of the medical finance.

本研究抽样调查了763名香港和中国大陆(南京、长沙和南通)中学生对自己偶像人物的看法。首先，受访者需提名三名其生活中最钦佩的人物，然后就其可成为个人之偶像或榜样的程度打分(1=最低，10=最高)。其后，受访者需填写一个26道题目的问卷，其中涉及个人在偶像崇拜方式、取向和选择方式的差异。结果表明，香港中学生主要提名娱乐界名人(如歌坛、体坛和演艺界名人)为其偶像，而中国大陆的中学生主要提名思想界名人(如著名政治家、科学家、文学家、企业家等)。此外，香港中学生所选择的偶像相当单一化和商业化，而中国大陆中学生所选择的偶像则相当多元化和政治化。最后，香港中学生在偶像崇拜中很看重偶像的浪漫性和性感特徵，而中国大陆中学生在偶像崇拜中很看重偶像的人格和思想性特徵。本文在结尾就香港和中国大陆青少年在偶像崇拜的差异进行了深入的探讨。

The present study examined how youths in Hong Kong and mainland China view idols in life; 763 high school students in Hong Kong, Nanjing, Changsha and Nantong (Tibetan students) participated in the study. They were first required to nominate three most admired people in their lives and rate them based on degrees to which these people could become their idols and models. Then, they were required to complete a 25-item questionnaire that examined their differences in manners, motives and perceived influence of idol worship. Hong Kong students mostly nominated recreational celebrities in the entertainment and sports industries while mainland Chinese students mostly nominated ideological celebrities in politics and academics. The most admired people nominated by mainland Chinese youths were a lot more diverse than those nominated by the Hong Kong youths. Hong Kong students were more interested in romantic and sexual characteristics while mainland Chinese students were more interested in personality and ideological characteristics of those whom they admire. The different idol worship cultures in Hong Kong and mainland China may be attributed to a strong commercialisation of adolescent idol worship culture in Hong Kong and a strong ideological identification of adolescent idol worship culture in mainland China.

基于全国性抽样调查资料，本文首次报导了癌症自助组织在中国社会的普遍程度，组织性质和会员特徵。调查结果显示，中国癌症自助组织的发展主要呈现两种组织类型：患者自我组织自我管理型和专业人士推动型；郭林新气功深刻影响著中国癌症自助组织的发生和发展。最后，作者就中国癌症自助组织的困境和出路作了简短讨论。

Based on a national survey, this paper reports for the first time on the prevalence and group/member characteristics of cancer self-help organisations in China. The findings showed that China's cancer self-help organisations could be categorised into two types — one that is totally independent, organised and managed by members, and the other initiated and led by professionals. The emergence and development of these groups have been deeply influenced by the New Qi Gong of Guolin. Finally, the authors briefly discussed the problems and prospect of cancer self-help organisations in China.

本文检视社会福利行政的理念核心(Concept)，分辨社会福利行政作为一建构(Construct)与工商管理之别，厘清社会福利行政的主要内涵(Content)，并且探索社会福利行政的实践环境(Context)。最后，笔者会就社会福利行政的教学、研究和实践提出意见。

This paper reviews the key concept of social welfare administration. The authors differentiate social welfare administration, as a social construct, from business administration, identify its major content, and explore the context for practising social welfare administration. The implications for teaching, research and practice will also be discussed.