Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship

This study examined the competitive attitudes of entrepreneurs using the psychological theory of hyper-competitiveness versus personal development competitiveness in data from a cross-section of small business entrepreneurs. Results suggest most entrepreneurs view themselves, and their cohort, as personal development (e. g., growth oriented) competitors rather than as hypercompetitors (e. g., dominant individuals). The analysis suggests that, when applied at the individual level, the entrepreneurial orientation dimension of competitive aggressiveness should be reconceptualized to include not only hyper-competitiveness but also personal development competitiveness. Implications for the theories of entrepreneurial gender, affective engagement, interactional competitiveness and self-actualization are discussed.

Drawing on institutional theory and using a methodology adapted from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), early stage entrepreneurial activities are examined within American Indian nations. Examining a context within a larger institutional context, comparisons are made between three American Indian nations and the United States. Patterns are identified regarding total entrepreneurial activity (TEA), nascent entrepreneurship, business discontinuation and new and established business rates. Additional analyses are conducted of individual-level variables within American Indian nations including location, self-efficacy and other variables in relation to nascent entrepreneurship and business ownership. Implications are drawn for tribal entrepreneurship development and further extension of the GEM methodology.

It has often been argued that entrepreneurs in developing countries can be classified as either "survival" or "growth-oriented." However, there is little systematic knowledge about classification of entrepreneurs in developing countries. We propose that what we call high potential entrepreneurs can be distinguished from low potential entrepreneurs, given that high potential entrepreneurs recognize and effectively exploit opportunities. In this paper we classify entrepreneurs using three core entrepreneurial activities; opportunity recognition, planning and innovativeness. A cluster analysis of about 700 Ugandan entrepreneurs yielded two natural, distinct and internally homogeneous groups of high potential and low potential entrepreneurship.

Social entrepreneurship is emerging as an important field of study within business disciplines. There is significant social entrepreneurship activity in emerging economies but little systematic research of the phenomenon in this context. The purpose of this study is to generate a deeper understanding of how social value is created in India (one of the largest emerging economies). Using a multiple historical case study design and systematic coding techniques, we uncover distinct types of social entrepreneurship activities in India and identify intriguing common, conceptual themes across types. These insights pointedly illustrate how social entrepreneurs successfully blend social and economic imperatives of social entrepreneurship. Based on our findings, we present four testable propositions.

Despite the significant contributions of women in economic development nationally, the unrecognized attitude of the government, lack of existing legal framework and policies, vagaries of informal economy and changes in the social–economic landscape have accounted largely for the closure of female enterprises in the informal economy. Using Yoruba female textile traders as a case study because these women have broken the "glass ceiling" and made a success of their textile trading, this paper examined the dynamics of entry and motivations of Yoruba women in textile trading. The paper synthesized Social Capital Theory by Coleman and Social Action Theory by Max Weber to explain the issue. It utilized a qualitative method of data collection. Eight focus group discussions and forty in-depth interviews were used to collect information from the women participants who were purposively chosen. The data reveal that parents, family/kinship members and friends had great influence in the strategic entry of women into textile trading in the Balogun market and the subsequent development of women's entrepreneurial activities. Yoruba female textile traders were motivated into textile trading because of economic and cultural values attached to the trade. This data is essential toward policy formulation for women's entrepreneurial development in the informal economy. This paper argues that any policies implemented for women entrepreneurs in the informal economy must be conceived, formulated and implemented with an in-depth understanding of the nuanced elements in the cultural domain within the social system, which the existing literature has yet to capture.

The number of female entrepreneurs is growing around the globe. The rate of women's entrepreneurship in Africa is higher than in any other region of the world but no studies have focused on North Sudan. We investigate female entrepreneurs in North Sudan by addressing these questions: (1) What are the major challenges North Sudanese female entrepreneurs face in (a) venture startup, and (b) running their businesses, (2) What are the main support sources enabling North Sudanese female entrepreneurs' (a) venture startup, and (b) successful management of their new ventures?, and (3) Is there family involvement in the North Sudanese female entrepreneurs' businesses; and if so, how? Personal issues, management skills, and obtaining financing are challenges while sources of support include schooling and previous work experience, moral support, and institutional support. Implications are discussed.

This study examines the effect of rurality on early-stage necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship among women and men in America from three rural typology perspectives. To achieve this objective, we build a dataset that combines GEM U.S. individual data for 2005—2010 and county economic characteristics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau. We use three typologies to define rurality and compare the results, the OMB metro-nonmetro classification system (2003), Isserman (2005) and county population density. We further analyze this data in subsamples by gender using cross-section time-series rare events logistic regression with clustered robust errors and year fixed effects. Key findings indicate the three rural typologies show similar results in magnitude, direction and significance, although population density shows sensitivity to the rurality variable and subsamples. Also, compared to women in OMB metro counties in America, women who live in OMB nonmetro counties have a higher probability of engaging in opportunity entrepreneurship. This probability increases with college education and decreases if the woman lives alone or is retired. Among men, living in OMB nonmetro or Isserman rural counties also increases their probability of engaging in opportunity entrepreneurship. College education and being African American also increases this probability. Predictors of necessity entrepreneurship are having an income below 50,000 among women and being employed part time among men.