Nano

Sustainable wastewater treatment methods are very important and necessary because they help to protect the environment and the health of humans, animals and other living organisms. With the increase in industries and population, toxic dyes produced in various industries have created a serious issue for public health and the main concern of environmental protection. This method affects the quality of purified water and causes various diseases, and as a result, it ends in death. Water purification is very important and plays an important role in the environment. Pollutant removal has different methods that include physicochemical and biological treatment. Each of these methods shows different pollutant removal capabilities that are studied here, depending on the experimental limitations. Among the different methods of wastewater treatment, the methods that have a high cost are not used today, and the results have shown that researchers consider more in the fields that have a low cost of material and testing. Surface adsorption is considered the most efficient method due to its high removal efficiency, easy operation, cost-effectiveness and recyclability of adsorbents. In this paper, the sustainable applications of wastewater treatment for the removal of colored pollutants have been investigated. Here, chitin and chitosan are more commonly used nowadays due to the naturalness of the polymer material, and it is not toxic and has many uses in various fields that can be used by adsorption. In this context, this work aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the adsorption of dyes from wastewater by nano-biopolymers, especially chitin and chitosan, as adsorbents. First, a summary of biopolymers, the properties of chitin and chitosan and synthesis techniques are presented. After the classification of dyes, the techniques for removing them from the wastewater are described. In addition, the adsorption process and isotherms used for adsorption are described with different models. Among various adsorbents, such as carbon materials, metals/metal oxides and zeolites, nano-biopolymers, especially chitin and chitosan, are the most promising ones for environmental sustainability. The results show that the use of biocompatible biopolymers to remove dye pollutants in different dyeing and textile industries plays an important role in determining the sustainable methods of wastewater treatment and can reduce the environmental effects of industries. Surface adsorption can be compatible with the environment and remove various colored pollutants well so that we have clean and pollution-free water and can use water.

Global Warming Potential (GWP) has proven to be just as critical in determining a possible coolant in recent years as Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). By lowering the refrigerant charge and enhancing the coolant containment systems, R152A emissions are now aggressively reduced. The option to use the R152A device must be discussed due to concerns about its global warming potential. Disperse the specified quantities of nanoparticles in the compressor oil using a magnetic stirrer for two hours, and then ultrasonic dissolve for four hours to prepare the necessary volume fractions. The experiments showed a performance improvement using CuOs with 0.5% volume fractions with a base refrigerant such as R152A. Experimental results from three different nanoparticles, such as CuO, ZnO and Al₂O₃, indicate strong miscibility of the nano-CuO lubricant and an increase in lubricity oil to two nanoparticles.

Perovskite solar cells came to limelight owing to their simple fabrication processes, cost-effectiveness, better optoelectronic characteristics and outstanding power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). These solar cells have simply outpaced their rival cells since the alteration from aqueous hole transport layers (HTLs) to solid HTLs. Various layers of a perovskite cell viz. light absorber layer, electron transport layer (ETL) and HTL play a decisive role in ascertaining its performance. Today, various types of organic and inorganic HTLs are available but inorganic HTLs have gained an upper hand over their organic counterparts in terms of stability, cost, fabrication and material properties which represent them as a prospective candidate for optimum perovskite device. Copper antimony sulfide (CuSbS${}_2)$ is a common HTL available in abundance with the benefit of an adequate bandwidth of 1.54eV. In addition, CuSbS₂ possesses substantial band aligning and electron inhibiting features. This research paper elaborates a relative study of two perovskite solar devices possessing discrete inorganic hole transport layers, i.e., cuprous iodide (CuI) and copper antimony sulfide (CuSbS${}_2)$, and discrete perovskite layers, i.e., MAPbI${}_{3-x}$Cl${}_x$ and MASnI₃, using the same negative charge transport layer, i.e., Cd${}_{1-x}$Zn${}_x$S, through numerical simulation employing SCAPS-1D. The effects of thickness, defect density and doping concentration with respect to absorbing layer on the efficiency and other parameters of perovskite layers are also discussed. By employing CuSbS₂ with MASnI₃ in the proposed device, the solar cell parameters are efficacious enough demonstrating the $V_{\mathrm{\text{oc}}}$ of 1.10V, PCE of 31.11%, fill factor (FF) of 83.05% and $J_{\mathrm{\text{sc}}}$ of 33.75mA⋅cm${}^{-2}$.

Carbon dots (CDs) are a kind of novel carbon nanomaterial that has unique properties, which make them useful for various applications, and now newer types of CDs are being found. Herein, a series of easy, cost-effective, environmentally friendly and highly biocompatible one-step syntheses of fluorescent CDs were fabricated by reacting easily available aquatic waste used as the carbon source, using hydrothermal reaction. The rapid development of nanomaterials has provided unprecedented opportunities for various applications, and CDs have been widely used in pharmaceutical analysis, environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis, medical imaging technologies and cancer treatment. Good biocompatibility is a prerequisite for the application of nanomaterials in biology, chemistry, medicine and other fields. This paper presents a systematic study of the biocompatibility and biosafety issues of the three as-synthesized CDs, including primary investigations of their cytotoxicity, cell morphology, plant imaging, apoptosis analysis and effects on embryos in zebrafish embryos. The aim of this research is to make a profound study on the biocompatibility of carbon dots and explore the application of CDs in the field of biological imaging.

This paper examines the Double gate Graphene Nano-ribbon Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor (DG GNR TFET) for bio-sensing applications. The biomolecules are Streptavidin, APTES, Biotin, DNA and protein. Differentiation between biomolecules is possible based on dielectric permittivity and charge concentration. The protein switching ratio ($I_{\mathrm{\text{ON}}}$/$I_{\mathrm{\text{OFF}}})$ is 25.7 times that of Streptavidin and around 300 times that without any biomolecule in the cavity. The maximum current sensitivity among the biomolecules is achieved by protein biomolecule for VGS = 0.7V. The sub-threshold swing obtained for a biomolecule in DG GNR TFET is 40 mV/dec compared to that of 80mV/dec for an empty cavity. The device characteristics reveal that the drain current is maximum with a biomolecule in a cavity compared to an empty cavity. Results obtained emphasize that double gate Graphene Nano-Ribbon TFET is suitable as a biosensor. The simulations are executed using Silvaco Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD).

For ecologically friendly and energy-efficient solid-state light sources, phosphors with low color-correlated temperatures (CCTs) and high color rendering indices (CRIs) are greatly desired. Herein, a co-precipitation method is used to modulate the fluorescence color of ZnO nano- material for bright multi-color light emitting diodes (LEDs) applications. The structural, thermal, morphological and optical properties of ZnO nanomaterials have been studied. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the as-synthesized nanomaterials reveals their good thermal stability whereas XPS analysis confirms their chemical states. We demonstrate that after combining ZnO with Ag₂O and MnO₂, the nanocomposite can attain extraordinary luminous tunability as realized by the photoluminescence (PL) properties of the nanomaterials. The estimated Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates indicate that ZnO, the blue color phosphor can be tuned to orange-red color phosphor (ZnO/Ag₂O and ZnO/MnO${}_2)$ and to white color phosphor (ZnO/Ag₂O/MnO${}_2)$ exhibits fairish color rendering index (CRI) of 84, after composited with Ag₂O and MnO₂. Finally, the ZnO/Ag₂O, ZnO/MnO₂ and ZnO/Ag₂O/MnO₂ nanocomposites have the potential to be utilized as phosphor materials in warm white LED applications because of their extremely pure, robust stability and tunable emission colors. Our findings can be used as a new benchmark for the identification of new phosphors and the tunability of their luminescent color for solid-state lighting applications.

Tumor microenvironment severely restricts the delivery of chemotherapy drugs. The microenvironment responsive nanoparticles often have complex designs with hampered clinical translatability. Here, we show a kind of ionic liquids (ILs) with soybean lecithin (SL) as cation, folic acid (FA) as anion, in particular, it could formulate nanoliposome by film evaporation method to deliver cis-Diamineplatinum (II) dichloride (cisplatin, Cis) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). These special ILs liposome could target tumor cells via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis by enhancing the cellular uptake, and significantly improve the deep permeability by actively infiltrating throughout the tumor tissue owing to the special noncovalent bond between SL–FA ILs with cell membrane. Moreover, ILs liposomes improve delivery efficiency of Cis and DOX and enhance the combined chemotherapeutic effect. The simple preparation process of the ILs nanoliposome should facilitate the clinical transformation of nanodrugs.