Nano LIFE

Nanomedicine or nanotechnology exhibits outstanding features to challenge severe health issues including pathogenic viral infections, the most culpable invaders in the present situation. The perpetual mutational pattern in viruses topped with raising resistance to drug epitomizes the current situation as a trigger to explore nanotech platforms in antiviral therapies. Referring to novel physicochemical features of nanomaterials associated with effective drug delivery, it is viewed as an ideal strategy for treatment of viral infections. The coronavirus induced pathogenesis, including MERS, SARS and SARS-CoV-2 infections, has triggered alarming and highly dangerous precedents against existence of humans. Applications of nanotechnology can serve a new direction for disinfection or treatment of viruses. Presently, various types of nanomaterials, such as nanogels, nanospheres, nanocapsules, liposomes, nanoparticles and many others, that have been investigated in vivo and in vitro for successful drug delivery, vaccination, diagnostic assay and device development with anticipation to be translated in advanced clinical practices, need a collective relook. This paper intents to contribute insightful critique of current studies on the efficacy of nanoplatforms as drug transporter, diagnostic tool and vaccine candidate against pathogenic viruses counting the highly pathogenic and incurable “coronaviruses”.

Late developments in nanotechnology have changed various logical and mechanical regions as well as the food business. The use of nanotechnology has been tested in various areas of food science, such as food microbiology, including food handling, food packaging, transportation of useful foods, hygiene and identification of transmitted microorganisms for food. This paper sums up the capability of nanoparticles’ utilizations in the food business to give shoppers a secure and defilement free of charge food and to guarantee the customer worthiness of the food with upgraded useful assets. Parts of utilization of nanotechnology corresponding to expanding in food nourishment and sensing properties like taste, touch, etc. of food varieties have additionally been examined momentarily alongside a couple of experiences on wellbeing issues and administrative worries on nano-prepared food items.

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is commonly known as bone cement, having good biocompatibility, mechanical qualities. It is extensively used in the biomedical sector as a synthetic bone material, orthopedic surgery and dental applications. However, some primary machining is required to achieve the tailored shape, size and finish before application in the human body. This study focuses on the machining (drilling) behavior of the developed PMMA-based Hydroxyapatite (PMMA-HA) bio-nano- composites. The machining efficiency and parametric control were estimated using a combined principal component analysis (PCA) module and evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS). The Hydroxyapatite (HA) weight percentage (wt.%), spindle speed (SPEED) and tool material (TOOL) viz. HSS, Carbide and TiAlN are chosen according to the Taguchi-based experimental array. The objective is to get the best possible machining responses, such as the material removal rate (MRR), mean surface roughness (Ra) and circularity error ($C_{\mathrm{\text{er}}})$ using the PCA-EDAS hybrid module. The optimal condition is found as the HSS drilling bit, 10%wt.%, SPEED-1428rpm with an improvement of 30.53%, 21.15% and 41.9% in MRR, Ra and $C$-ERROR, respectively. The microstructural investigation scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows the excellent morphology and quality of the drilled hole in the proposed composites. Also, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the prepared sample was done to ensure the proper reinforcement. The flexural test shows a significant expansion in the mechanical property due to the presence of HA in PMMA

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and its metastases are the main reasons for the high mortality of prostate cancer. Currently, paclitaxel (PTX)-based chemotherapeutics are used as first-line drugs to treat CRPC, but this treatment does not show good effects and is accompanied by serious side effects, which may be because intravenously injected chemotherapeutic drugs have difficulties gathering at the tumor site. Therefore, a safe and effective drug delivery carrier is urgently needed to enhance the therapeutic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs against CRPC. Methoxy polyethylene glycol-polylacticco-glycolic acid-polylysine (mPEG-PLGA-PLL) nanoparticles (NPs) have shown high drug encapsulation efficiency and good therapeutic effects against ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer, but there are few studies on their treatment against CRPC. To expand the applications of mPEG-PLGA-PLL NPs, in this study, mPEG-PLGA-PLL NPs loaded with PTX (PTX-NPs) were synthesized. The synthesized PTX-NPs had a uniform particle size and no obvious aggregation. PTX-NPs can be uptaked by PC-3 cells, which significantly promotes the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis effects of PTX on cells and reduces the expression levels of CDK6, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 (cyclins and an apoptosis inhibitor), and these effects can be further enhanced by ultrasound-induced microbubble cavitation (UIMC). Our research provides a new nanocarrier for the treatment of CRPC, laying the foundation for further research in the future.

In this paper, new oral beads were developed for poultry applications using garlic nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were synthesized using water in oil micro-emulsion method and it was confirmed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The biocompatibility was evaluated by using the chicken blood, chicken intestinal cell line and the results indicated that the particles are highly safe. The oral beads were formulated using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose phthalate as polymer protective layer and specifically dissolved in pH 6.5 and released the NPs at the intestine. To study their impacts, the chickens were fed with beads starting day 3 after hatching, and their weight was recorded. To study the anti-parasitic effect, the chickens were challenged with Eimeria species. The active treatments with oral beads effectively cure the intestinal damages triggered by the Eimeria species and improved the chicken weight. The prophylactic treatment 100% protects chicken against Eimeria infection and increased the body weight.