Introduction to Bioengineering

The following sections are included:

• PREFACE

• CONTENTS

• TO THE INSTRUCTOR

• TO THE STUDENTS

• SAMPLE ASSIGNMENTS

The following sections are included:

• Role of Hemodynamic Factors in Transendothelial Permeability of Macromolecules

• Effects of Shear Stress on Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1) Gene Expression
  • The process of gene expression
  • Effects of shear stress on MCP-1 gene expression

• Effects of Shear Stress on MAPK Signaling Pathways
  • The MAPK signaling pathways
  • Effects of shear stress on signal transduction in endothelial cells

• Mechano-sensors for Shear Stress
  • Membrane receptors — receptor tyrosine kinases
  • Membrane integrins

• Effects of Complex Flow Pattern on Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Gene Expression

• Implications in Clinical Conditions
  • Importance of mechanical matching between vascular bypass and native artery
  • Use of a Ras negative mutant to prevent restenosis following balloon angioplasty

• Summary and Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

• Effects of Disturbed Flow on Endothelial Cells

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• The Zero-stress State of a Blood Vessel

• Hypertension Causes Change of the Opening Angle of Aorta

• What Does the Change of Opening Angle Mean?

• What is the Residual Stress Doing There?

• Tissue Remodeling Revealed by Change of Zero-stress State

• Tissue Remodeling of Arteries Under Stress

• Theory and Experiment. Design and Explanation

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgments

• References

• Pressure, Flow, Stress, and Remodeling in the Pulmonary Vasculature

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • What is the problem in diabetes?
  • How could an implantable glucose sensor help?
  • Alternative approaches

• The Sensor from Concept to Prototype
  • The sensing priniciple
  • Design challenges and performance requirements
  • The engineering design approach

• Benchtop Studies (5, 6)
  • Membrane synthesis and characterization
  • Immobilized enzyme stability
  • Accounting for oxygen effects (5)
  • The oxygen sensor
  • Modeling studies

• Implant Studies In Animals
  • Telemetry and implantable instrumentation (7)
  • Chronic central venous implantation in the dog (8)

• From Prototype to the Patient

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

• Two-Dimensional Enzyme Electrode Sensor for Glucose

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Modern History of Blood Transfusion and Blood Substitutes

• Nonoxygen Carrying and Oxygen Carrying Blood Volume Replacement

• The Underlying Physical Process and its Mathematical Analysis

• The Role of Autoregulation

• Summary and Future Developments

• References
  • Articles
  • Books

• Microvascular and tissue oxygen gradients in the rat mesentery

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Innovations in Morphometry of Coronary Vasculature

• Anatomy of the Coronary Vasculature

• Mathematical Description of Coronary Arterial and Venous Trees

• Mathematical Description of Capillary Network

• Hemodynamic Applications of Morphometric Data
  • Analysis of total cross-sectional area and blood volume
  • Pressure and flow distributions
    • Arterial tree
    • Capillary network
    • Venous tree

• Distensibility of Coronary Vessels

• Steady Laminar Flow in an Elastic Tube

• Integration of Theory and Experiment

• Concluding Remarks

• References

• Analysis of Pig's Coronary Arterial Blood Flow with Detailed Anatomical Data

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Emergence of Bioinformatics

• Pressing Questions

• The Axioms of Phenomics

• The Concept of a Genetic Circuit

• The Properties of Genetic Circuits

• Describing Genetic Circuit Function

• Genetic Circuit Analysis: Flux Balances

• The E. coli Metabolic Genotype

• Redundancy Characteristics of the E. Coli Metabolic Genotype

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgments

• References

• Toward Metabolic Phenomics: Analysis of Genomic Data Using Flux Balances

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Tissue Engineering Therapies for Articular Cartilage Defects

• Principles of Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering

• Integrative Cartilage Repair: Matrix Metabolism and Biomechanics
  • Biomechanics of Integrative Cartilage Repair
  • An in vitro Model of Integrative Cartilage Repair
  • Matrix Remodeling in Integrative Cartilage Repair

• Chondrocyte Transplantation for Cartilage Repair: Biomechanical Regulation
  • An in vitro Model of Chondrocyte Transplantation for Cartilage Repair
  • Biomechanical Regulation of Integrative Cartilage Repair: Chondrocyte Adhesion
  • Biomechanical Regulation of Transplanted Chondrocytes: Cell Proliferation and Matrix Synthesis

• Tissue-Scale Biomechanical and Structural Properties of Articular Cartilage
  • Compressive Properties of Articular Cartilage
  • Structure of Articular Cartilage after Joint Injury

• General Discussion and Outlook

• Acknowledgments

• References

• Integrative Repair of Articular Cartilage In Vitro: Adhesive Strength of the Interface Region

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• The Microcirculation

• Cardiovascular Cell Activation

• Cell Activation in Patients

• Mechanisms of Cell Activation

• Synopsis

• Acknowledgments

• References

• Mechanisms and consequences of cell activation in the microcirculation

• Generation of in vivo activating factors in the ischemic intestine by pancreatic enzymes

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • The membrane skeletal network
  • The mechanical properties of erythrocyte membranes

• What Are the Studies Reported in the Enclosed Paper?
  • The cloning of human erythrocyte protein 4.2
  • Sequence homologies between protein 4.2 and transglutaminases
  • Why two transglutaminases (one pseudo- and one real) in erythrocytes?

• What Are the Related Researches Beyond the Enclosed Paper?
  • Protein binding site
  • Molecular ruler, protofilament, hexagon, and elastic deformation
  • Genomic organization
  • Nonerythroid cells
  • Mutants and diseases
  • Knockout cells and mice: models to study the molecular basis of biomechanics
  • Cell membranes: A target and a barrier for gene transfer

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgments

• References

• Molecular cloning of human protein 4.2: A major component of the erythrocyte membrane

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Historical Perspective

• Basic Biomechanics of Injury and Healing

• The Strength of a Tissue or Organ Is Expressed by a Tolerable Stress, Which May Vary with the Condition with Which the Load Is Applied

• Injury of Organs and Tissues

• Biomechanical Analysis

• Healing and Rehabilitation are Helped by Proper Stress

• Remodeling of Soft Tissues in Response to Stress Changes

• Tissue Engineering

• Conclusion

• References

• The importance of biomechanics for the new millennium

• Speed of stress wave propagation in lung

• A Hypothesis on the Mechanism of Trauma of Lung Tissue Subjected to Impact Load

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• The Biomechanical Approach Defines What Experimental Data Are Needed
  • Morphometry of pulmonary vasculature
  • Elasticity of pulmonary blood vessels
  • Pulmonary capillaries
  • Blood viscosity

• How to Use the Experimental Data
  • Impedance of pulmonary arteries and veins
  • Microcirculation impedance

• Experimental Validation of the Theoretical Model Study

• Challenges for the Future

• References

• Comparison of Theory and Experiment in Pulsatile Flow in Cat Lung

The following sections are included:

• APPENDIX A ABOUT THE AUTHORS

• APPENDIX B ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOENGINEERING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO

• FAREWELL TO STUDENTS