Handbook of Thermoluminescence

The following sections are included:

• PREFACE

• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

• CONTENTS

The following sections are included:

• Accuracy (definition)

• Activation energy (definition and properties)

• Activator

• Adirovitch model

• Afterglow

• Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)

• Annealing (definition)

• Annealing (general considerations)

• Annealing procedures

• Anomalous fading

• Anomalous thermal fading

• Area measurement methods (generality)

• Area measurement method (Maxia et al.)

• Area measurement methods (May and Partridge: general order)

• Area measurement method (Muntoni et al.: general order)

• Area measurement method (Moharil: general order)

• Area measurement method (Moharil: general order, s = s(T))

• Area measurement method (Rasheedy: general order)

• Arrhenius equation

• Assessment of random uncertainties in precision of TL measurements (general)

• Atomic number (calculation)

The following sections are included:

• Basic equation of radiation dosimetry by thermoluminescence

• Batch of TLDs

• Braunlich-Scharmann model

The following sections are included:

• Calcium fluoride (CaF₂)

• Calibration factor F_c(definition)

• Calibration factor F_c(procedures)

• Competition

• Competitors

• Computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD): Kitis' expressions

• Condition at the maximum (first order)

• Condition at the maximum (first order): remarks

• Condition at the maximum (general order)

• Condition at the maximum (second order)

• Condition at the maximum when s'=s'(T) (second-order kinetics)

• Condition at the maximum when s"=s"(T) (general-order kinetics)

• Condition at the maximum when s=s(T) (first-order kinetics)

• Considerations on the heating rate

• Considerations on the methods for determining E

• Considerations on the symmetry factor, μ, and the order of kinetics, b

• Correction factor for the beam quality, F_en (general)

• Curve fitting method (Kirsh: general order)

• CVD diamond

The following sections are included:

• Defects

• Delocalized bands

• Determination of the dose by thermoluminescence

• Dihalides phosphors

• Dosimeter's background or zero dose reading (definition)

• Dosimeter's background or zero dose reading (procedure)

• Dosimetric peak

• Dosimetric trap

The following sections are included:

• Effect of temperature lag on trapping parameters

• Energy dependence (procedure)

• Environmental dose rate (calculation)

• Environmental dose rate (correction factors)

• Erasing treatment

• Error sources in TLD measurements

The following sections are included:

• Fading (theoretical aspects)

• Fading factor

• Fading: useful expressions

• First-order kinetics when s=s(T)

• Fluorescence

• Fluorapatite (Ca₅F(PO₄)₃)

• Frequency factor, s

• Frequency factor, s (errors in its determination)

• Frequency factor and pre-exponential factor expressions

The following sections are included:

• Garlick-Gibson model (second-order kinetics)

• General characteristics of first and second order glow-peaks

• General-order kinetics when s"=s"(T)

• Glow curve

The following sections are included:

• In-vivo dosimetry (dose calibration factors)

• Inflection points method (Land: first order)

• Inflection points method (Singh et al.: general order)

• Initial rise method when s = s(T) (Aramu et al.)

• Initialization procedure

• Integral approximation

• Integral approximation when s = s(T)

• Interactive traps

• Isothermal decay method (Garlick-Gibson: first order)

• Isothermal decay method (general)

• Isothermal decay method (May-Partridge: (a) general order)

• Isothermal decay method (May-Partridge : (b) general order)

• Isothermal decay method (Moharil: general order)

• Isothermal decay method (Takeuchi et al.: general order)

The following sections are included:

• Keating method (first-order, s=s(T))

• Killer centers

• Kinetic parameters determination: observations

• Kinetics order: effects on the glow-curve shape

The following sections are included:

• Linearization factor, F_lin (general requirements for linearity)

• Linearity (procedure)

• Linearity test (procedure)

• Lithium borate (Li₂B₄O₇)

• Lithium fluoride family (LiF)

• Localized energy levels

• Lower detection limit (D_ldl)

• Luminescence (general)

• Luminescence (thermal stimulation)

• Luminescence centers

• Luminescence dosimetric techniques

• Luminescence dosimetry

• Luminescence efficiency

• Luminescence phenomena

The following sections are included:

• Magnesium borate (MgO × nB₂O₃)

• Magnesium fluoride (MgF₂)

• Magnesium orthosilicate (Mg₂SiO₄)

• May–Partridge model (general order kinetics)

• Mean and half-life of a trap

• Metastable state

• Method based on the temperature at the maximum (Randall-Wilkins)

• Method based on the temperature at the maximum (Urbach)

• Methods for checking the linearity

• Model of non-ideal heat transfer in TL measurements

• Multi-hit or multi-stage reaction models

The following sections are included:

• Nonlinearity

• Non-ideal heat transfer in TL measurements (generality)

• Numerical curve fitting method (Mohan-Chen: first order)

• Numerical curve fitting methods (Mohan-Chen: second order)

• Numerical curve fitting method (Shenker-Chen: general order)

The following sections are included:

• Optical bleaching

• Optical fading

• Oven (quality control)

The following sections are included:

• Partridge-May model (zero-order kinetics)

• Peak-shape method (Balarin: first- and second-order kinetics)

• Peak shape method (Chen: first- and second-order)

• Peak shape method (Chen: general-order kinetics)

• Peak shape method (Christodoulides: first- and general-order)

• Peak shape method (Gartia, Singh and Mazumdar: (b) general order)

• Peak shape method (Grossweiner: first order)

• Peak shape method (Halperin-Braner)

• Peak shape method (Lushchik: first and second order)

• Peak shape method (Mazumdar, Singh & Gartia: (a) general order)

• Peak shape method (parameters)

• Peak shape method when s=s(T) (Chen: first-, second- and general-order)

• Peak shape method: reliability expressions

The following sections are included:

• Peak shift

• Perovskite's family (ABX₃)

• Phosphorescence

• Phosphors (definition)

• Photon energy response (calculation)

• Photon energy response (definition)

• Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) (general)

• Phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL): model

• Post-irradiation annealing

• Post-readout annealing

• Precision and accuracy (general considerations)

• Precision concerning a group of TLDs of the same type submitted to one irradiation

• Precision concerning only one TLD undergoing repeated cycles of measurements (same dose)

• Precision concerning several identical dosimeters submitted to different doses

• Precision concerning several identical dosimeters undergoing repeated and equal irradiations (procedures)

• Precision in TL measurements (definition)

• Pre-irradiation annealing

• Pre-readout annealing

• Properties of the maximum conditions

The following sections are included:

• Quasiequilibrium condition

The following sections are included:

• Radiation-induced defects

• Randall-Wilkins model (first-order kinetics)

• Recombination center

• Recombination processes

• Reference and field dosimeters (definitions)

• Relative intrinsic sensitivity factor or individual correction factor S_i (definition)

• Relative intrinsic sensitivity factor or individual correction factor S_i (procedures)

• Residual TL signal

• Rubidium halide

The following sections are included:

• Second-order kinetics when s′=s′(T)

• Self-dose in competition to fading (procedure)

• Sensitization (definition)

• Sensitivity (definition)

• Set up of a thermoluminescent dosimetric system (general requirements)

• Simultaneous determination of dose and time elapsed since irradiation

• Sodium pyrophosphate (Na₄P₂O₇)

• Solid state dosimeters

• Solid state dosimetry

• Spurious thermoluminescence: chemiluminescence

• Spurious thermoluminescence: surface-related phenomena

• Spurious thermoluminescence: triboluminescence

• Stability factor F_st (definition)

• Stability factor F_st (procedure)

• Stability of the reading system background

• Stability of the reading system background (procedure)

• Stability of the TL response

• Standard annealing

• Stokes' law

• Sulphate phosphors

The following sections are included:

• Temperature gradient in a TL sample

• Temperature lag: Kitis' expressions for correction (procedure)

• Temperature lag: Kitis' expressions for correction (theory)

• Test for batch homogeneity

• Test for the reproducibility of a TL system (procedure)

• Thermal cleaning (peak separation)

• Thermal fading (procedure)

• Thermal quenching

• Thermally connected traps

• Thermally disconnected traps

• Thermoluminescence (thermodynamic definition)

• Thermoluminescence (TL)

• Thermoluminescent dosimetric system (definition)

• Thermoluminescent materials: requirements

• Tissue equivalent phosphors

• Trap characteristics obtained by fading experiments

• Trap creation model

• Trapping state

• Tunnelling

• Two-trap model (Sweet and Urquhart)

The following sections are included:

• Various heating rates method (Bohum, Porfianovitch, Booth: first order)

• Various heating rates method (Chen-Winer: first order)

• Various heating rates method (Chen-Winer: second and general orders)

• Various heating rates method (Gartia et al.: general order)

• Various heating rates method (Hoogenstraaten: first order)

• Various heating rate method (Sweet-Urquhart: two-trap model)

• Various heating rate method when s = s(T) (Chen and Winer: first- and general-order)

The following sections are included:

• Zirconium Oxide (ZrO₂)

The following sections are included:

• AUTHOR INDEX

• SUBJECT INDEX