Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road

The following sections are included:

• Preface

• Contents

• List of Contributors

The following sections are included:

• Outline of the Study of Ancient Chinese Glass

• Development of Ancient Chinese Glass and Evolution of Its Chemical Compositions
  • Early Chinese faience and frit (from the Western Zhou to the Spring and Autumn period, 1100–800 BC)
  • Early Chinese alkali lime silicate glass (pre-Qin Dynasty, 500–400 BC)
  • Early Chinese lead barium silicate glass and potash silicate glass (the Warring States period to the Han Dynasty, 400 BC–200 AD)
  • Early Chinese high lead silicate glass and potash lead silicate glass (Six Dynasties to Northern Song Dynasty, 200–1200 AD)
  • Early Chinese potash lime silicate glass (Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, 1200–1900 AD)

• Conclusion

• References

The following sections are included:

• The Ancient Silk Road and Glass Exchange
  • The Northern (Steppe) Silk Route
  • The Northwestern (Oasis) Silk Road
  • The Southwestern (Buddhist) Silk Road
  • The Southern (Sea) Silk Road

• The Ancient Silk Road Promoted the Development and Spread of Ancient Chinese Glass Technology
  • Import of glass products and techniques from the West
  • The ancient Chinese glass and technique spread outside

• Conclusion

• References

The following sections are included:

• Chemical Analysis

• Lead-Isotope Analysis

• Some Glasses Excavated by Early Explorer–Archaeologists

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgments

• Bibliography

• Sample Descriptions

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Results of Analyses

• Discussion of Results

• Strontium-Isotope Analyses

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• The Silk Road – Maritime Trade Route in the Early Christian Era

• Bead Trade Along Asia's Maritime Trade Route

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Discussion
  • Lead glass
  • Potash glass
  • Soda glass
  • Indonesian Jatim glass beads in Korea
  • Coil beads
  • Cornerless cube beads, gold-foil glass beads and melon beads

• Final Remarks

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental

• Results and Discussion

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental

• Results and Discussion

• Conclusions

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental

• Results

• Conclusion

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental
  • Sample artifact
  • XRF analysis
  • Synthesis of glass

• Results

• Discussion
  • Chemical composition of the glass vessel
  • Typology of the glass vessel
  • Comparison of the glass vessel with the glass objects excavated in Rāya, Egypt

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• The Metallurgical Origin of Glass Technology

• Analysis of the Glass Unearthed at the Kiziltur Cemetery in Baicheng

• A Study of the Slag Unearthed from Smelting Ruins Near the Kiziltur Cemetery

• The Relationship Between Glassmaking and Metallurgy

• New Researches on the Origin of Chinese Glass Technology

• Methodologies of the Research on the Origin of Chinese Glass Technology

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• The Silk Road Opened the Glass Road

• The Impact of the Silk Road on Chinese Antique Glass
  • Transformation of the glass chemical composition
  • The importation of the blowing technique
  • The diversity of the art style

• The Inspiration of the Silk Road for Contemporary Chinese Glass Art

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Experimental
  • Objects investigated
  • SEM-EDX
  • Micro-Raman spectroscopy

• Results and Discussion
  • Manufacturing technology for faience
  • Determination of chemical compositions
  • Determination of microelements in faience

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Sample Description

• Results and Discussion
  • Chemical components
  • Microstructure and weathering

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Ancient Glass Artifacts Excavated at the Zhagunluke Cemetery
  • Glass beads and a glass cup unearthed at the No. 1 graveyard in 1996
    • Glass beads
    • An aqua glass cup decorated with rows of elliptical facets
  • Glass beads unearthed at the No. 1 graveyard in 1998
  • Glass beads unearthed at the No. 2 graveyard in 1996

• Glassware Unearthed at the Sampula Cemetery
  • Glass beads
  • Glass ear pendant

• Discussion
  • Date, type and related issues
  • Chemical composition analysis
  • Historical background probing

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Samples and Experiment

• Results
  • From the Western Zhou to the Spring and Autumn Period (about 1100–500 BC)
  • The Warring States Period (475–221 BC)
  • From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD)
  • From the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty (206 BC–1279 AD)

• Discussion

• Appendix: Sample Descriptions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Unearthed Glass Materials
  • Glasses
    • Glass fragments
    • Unfinished and defective product fragments
    • Incompletely melted glass material ingots
  • Mineral fragments

• Discussion

• Conclusion

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Glassware Discovered in the Grassland

• Ancient Glass in the Grassland and Cultural Exchange

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Materials

• Methods and Results

• Discussion

During the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the local governing Liu clan entrenched Lingnan (now the region covering Guangdong and Guangxi). When the Tang Dynasty ended, Liu Yan declared himself an emperor and set up a state named Dayue in 917 AD. Guangzhou was its capital and was called Xinwangfu. Next year, Liu Yan changed the name of the state to Han. Historians call the state Nanhan (Southern Han). The Southern Han continued its rule for 55 years and experienced four generations of the emperor's throne altogether. The first emperor was Liu Yan, on the throne for 26 years. The second was Liu Fen, who was on his throne, for only 2 years and was killed by his brother Liu Cheng. The third was Liu Cheng, on the throne for 16 years; and the fourth was Liu Chang, for 14 years. In the Song Dynasty, Emperor Zhao Kuangying ordered Pan Mei to attack Guangzhou, and Liu Chang capitulated to the Song Dynasty in 972 AD; and the local dynasty, the Southern Han, ended…

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Samples and Experiment
  • Samples
  • Experimental

• Comparison Between PIXE and ICP-AES

• Results and Discussions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Samples

• Measurements
  • PIXE experimental procedure
  • Standard samples
  • Evaluation on Na₂O and MgO

• Multivariate Statistical Analysis

• Results and Discussion
  • Cluster analysis
  • Factor analysis

• Conclusions

• Appendix 1

• Appendix 2

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Analysis of Ancient Glassware Composition
  • Source of the samples
  • Method of the experiment
  • Experimental Results

• Results and Discussion

• Conclusions and Suggestions

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Description of the Ancient Eye Beads and the Excavation Situation

• Method of the Experiments

• Experimental Result

• Discussion

• Conclusion

• Acknowledgments

• References

The following sections are included:

• Biographies

• Index