Narrow Results

The majority of proposed NIRS-BCIs has considered binary classification. Studies considering high-order classification problems have yielded average accuracies that are less than favorable for practical communication. Consequently, there is a paucity of evidence supporting online classification of more than two mental states using NIRS. We developed an online ternary NIRS-BCI that supports the verbal fluency task (VFT), Stroop task and rest. The system utilized two sessions dedicated solely to classifier training. Additionally, samples were collected prior to each period of online classification to update the classifier. Using a continuous-wave spectrometer, measurements were collected from the prefrontal and parietal cortices while 11 able-bodied adult participants were cued to perform one of the two cognitive tasks or rests. Each task was used to indicate the desire to select a particular letter on a scanning interface, while rest avoided selection. Classification was performed using 25 iteration of bagging with a linear discriminant base classifier. Classifiers were trained on 10-dimensional feature sets. The BCI’s classification decision was provided as feedback. An average online classification accuracy of $74.2\pm 14.8$% was achieved, representing an ITR of $1.31\pm 0.86$ bits/min. The results demonstrate that online communication can be achieved with a ternary NIRS-BCI that supports VFT, Stroop task and rest. Our findings encourage continued efforts to enhance the ITR of NIRS-BCIs.

The model of Bonabeau explains the emergence of social hierarchies from the memory of fights in an initially egalitarian society. Introducing a feedback from the social inequality into the probability to win a fight, we find a sharp transition between an egalitarian society at low population density and a hierarchical society at high population density.

The Schelling model of 1971 is a complicated version of a square-lattice Ising model at zero temperature, to explain urban segregation, based on the neighbor preferences of the residents, without external reasons. Various versions between Ising and Schelling models give about the same results. Inhomogeneous "temperatures" T do not change the results much, while a feedback between segregation and T leads to a self-organization of an average T.

Today, with real-life problems, modeling is a primary step in organizing, analyzing and optimizing them. Queueing theory is a particular approach used to model this category of issues. Space constraints, feedback, service dependency, etc. are often inseparable from the issues they create. In light of this objective, this research presents a model and analysis of the steady-state behavior of an $M/G/1$ feedback retrial queue with two dependent phases of service under a Bernoulli vacation policy. The service times for the two stages are often independent in normal queueing frameworks. We presume that they are dependent random variables in this case. Indeed, this dependence is one-way (i.e., the service time of the second phase has no effect on the service time of the first phase). Yet, the first phase service time has an impact on the second phase service time. In order to determine the steady-state probabilities and probability-generating functions (PGF) for the different states, the supplementary variable technique (SVT) was utilized. Furthermore, a broad range of performance metrics had been established. The generated metrics are then envisioned and validated with the aid of graphs and tables. Additionally, a nonlinear cost function is constructed, which is subsequently minimized by distinct approaches like particle swarm optimization (PSO), artificial bee colony (ABC) and genetic algorithm (GA). Furthermore, we used certain figures to examine the convergence of these optimization methods. Finally, validation outcomes are compared with neuro-fuzzy results generated with the “adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system” (ANFIS).

In this paper a chaotic system is proposed via modifying hyperchaotic Chen system. Some basic dynamical properties, such as Lyapunov exponents, fractal dimension, chaotic behaviors of this system are studied. The conventional feedback, linear function feedback, nonlinear hyperbolic function feedback control methods are applied to control chaos to unstable equilibrium point. The conditions of stability to control the system is derived according to the Routh–Hurwitz criteria. Numerical results have shown the validity of the proposed schemes.

The Blackman's impedance relation formula holds several unique and important features. First and most important is generality. The formula is truly universal and could be applied regardless of feedback topology. The impedances of canonical cases could be presented as special cases of Blackman's impedance relation. This paper revisits the concepts of Blackman's impedance relation. Several alternative derivation approaches are suggested to stand in accord with the gain evaluation procedure. The derivation of the Blackman's impedance relation formula by Superposition, Thevenin, Trans-Admittance and Trans-Impedance methods are offered. The paper extends the ideas and completes the methodology of unified approach to analysis of feedback amplifiers presented earlier. The paper also discusses some additional features of the feedback amplifier model. The paper advocates that the described method of obtaining the loop-gain makes a real difference in application of the formula. Overcoming the loop-gain computational difficulties helps reestablish the Blackman's impedance relation as a viable tool in analysis of feedback circuits.

The majority of work in reversible logic circuits has been limited to combinational logic. Researchers are now beginning to suggest designs for sequential circuits. In this paper we propose a new method to design and optimize feedback reversible logic circuits and a specific group of quantum logic circuits based on the reversible state transition table and genetic algorithms (GA). To show the efficiency of the proposed method, some reversible sequential elements such as D and T flip-flops (FFs), with and without clock and reset, and edge triggered FFs are designed. We have also extended our method to multiple loop feedback circuits. The proposed circuits are highly optimized using a GA synthesis tool that allows don't care values. Some of the designs in this paper are presented in other papers; however, the comparisons show that the quantum cost and number of garbage inputs/outputs are reduced efficiently by our method.

Content addressable memory (CAM) can perform high-speed table look-up with bit level masking capability. This feature makes CAMs extremely attractive for high-speed packet forwarding and classification in network routers. High-speed look-up implies all the CAM word entries to be accessed and compared with a search word to find a suitable match in a single clock cycle. This parallel search activity requires large energy consumption which needs to be reduced. In this paper, a review of the energy reduction techniques of CAM is presented. A comparative study of some popular techniques has been made with the help of simulations carried out in this work and published results.

Conventional combinational circuits are generally acyclic (feed-forward) but these circuits can have feedbacks (cycles) which will give more minimized expressions as compared to conventional combinational circuits. Deliberate incorporation of such cycles or feedbacks in conventional combinational circuits eventually results in reduction in number of literals in the expression of the combinational circuits. The reduction in literal counts decreases the number of gates required to implement the expressions of the combinational circuits. Hence, the decrease in number of gates leads to reduction in transistor counts or layout area for the circuits. A cyclic combinational circuit (CCC) is defined as the circuit whose output depends on present inputs only, but at the same time contains one or more feedbacks (cycles). This paper presents a simplified methodology for introduction of cycles (feedbacks) and finding expressions for the CCC. The methodology is applied on LGSynth93 benchmark circuits and a reduction up to 28% in literal counts for expressions of CCC was found which is higher than the reduction achieved by other methodologies. Further the methodology is applied to implement binary comparator which has got three multiple outputs using cyclic combinational technique. The circuits are verified through simulation in cadence virtuoso tools using 45nm technology. Based on simulation results, performance parameters like power consumption, propagation delay and layout area of CCC are compared with the conventional circuits.

Feedback is an integral part of many analog circuits. This paper presents a method for the design of feedback networks for analog amplifiers based on Fixator–Norator Pair (FNP). The design process for required transfer function includes inserting proper FNPs to the equivalent small signal model of the target circuit, with norators lying along the feedback path, and helps to design the feedback network components. Care must be taken to ensure that the added feedback should not alter the original DC biasing of the circuit. A number of examples are worked out in this paper using the proposed method and the results are verified. The FNP approach gives a one-step solution for the design problems which otherwise require tedious analysis and calculations. Although the scope of this paper is limited to design of feedback for amplifiers, a skillful designer can extend the proposed method to other areas of analog circuits.

Linearity of ramp signals is one of the most important aspects for many applications such as single-slope analog to digital converters (ADCs); another important aspect is the total power dissipation. Applications like high-resolution single-slope ADCs that can be used in portable devices demanded accurate ramp generator with low power dissipation. This paper presents a low power ramp generator with linearity improvement that achieved by a positive feedback circuit and negative feedback for compensation of the variations in process, voltage and temperature. Derived equations of the proposed ramp generator circuit show that linearity of the output ramp, with proper choosing of device sizes, can be enhanced significantly. Also, for proving of linearity enhancement, the circuit design and post-layout simulations were done in TSMC 0.18$\mu$m and 90nm CMOS technologies. Simulation results show that linearity of the circuit improved by a factor of 8 and total ramp resolution improved about 3 bit, whereas power dissipation of the circuit is about 8$\mu$W and entire layout core area is near 800$\mu$m².

A subthreshold MOS-based pseudo-resistor featuring a very high value and ultra-low distortion is proposed. A bandpass neural amplifier with a very low high-pass cutoff frequency is designed, to demonstrate the linearity of the proposed resistor. A BJT less CTAT current generator has been introduced to minimize the temperature drift of the resistor and make tuning easier. The standalone resistor has achieved 0.5% better linearity and a 12% improved temperature coefficient over the existing architectures. A neural amplifier has been designed with the proposed resistor as a feedback element. It demonstrated 31dB mid-band gain and a low-pass cutoff frequency of 0.85Hz. The circuit operates from a 1V supply and draws 950nA current at room temperature.

Network routers use ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) for high-speed table look-up. A match-line (ML) sensing scheme for TCAM combining charge-sharing and positive feedback is presented. The objective is to simplify the ML sense amplifier (MLSA) of existing charge-sharing scheme while reducing ML energy consumption during look-up. The look-up has been performed in two steps. In the first step, a segment of each TCAM word is compared with the search key to detect large percentage of the mismatched words. The detected mismatched words are deactivated in the second step to reduce energy consumption. In the second step, the charge stored in a matched ML first segment is shared with second ML segment. Use of positive feedback in this step makes the MLSA circuit simple. Post-layout simulations implemented using 180nm 1.8V CMOS logic have been performed. In addition to lower scheme complexity and 16.5% reduction in circuit area, the proposed scheme provides dynamic energy saving up to 5.5% and peak power reduction of 52% compared to existing state-of-the-art charge-sharing technique.

A power-efficient, voltage gain enhancement technique for op-amps has been described. The proposed technique is robust against Process, Voltage and Temperature (PVT) variations. It exploits a positive feedback-based gain enhancement technique without any latch-up issue, as opposed to the previously proposed conductance cancellation techniques. In the proposed technique, four additional transconductance-stages (gm stages) are used to boost the gain of the main gm stage. The additional gm stages do not significantly increase the power dissipation. A prototype was designed in 65nm CMOS technology. It results in 81dB voltage gain, which is 21dB higher than the existing gain-boosting technique. The proposed op-amp works with as low a power supply as 0.8V, without compromising the performance, whereas the traditional gain-enhancement techniques start losing gain below a 1.1V supply. The circuit draws a total static current of 295$\mu$A and occupies 5000$\mu$m² of silicon area.

Accurate ramp signal, with low power dissipation, is highly demanded, for applications like counter ADC. This paper presents a novel low power ramp generator circuit with a negative feedback loop for compensation of the variations in process, voltage, and temperature (PVT). While using an opamp for PVT compensation has been essential in the previous ramp generator structures, the proposed ramp generator is opamp-less. Derived equations of the proposed ramp generator circuit show that PVT compensation structure works effectively. In addition, the circuit design and simulations were done in TSMC 0.18$\mu$m CMOS technology. Corner analysis shows that integral non-linearity (INL) of the ramp signal is about 3.7mV, for a wide temperature range, while the power dissipation of the circuit is about 1.16$\mu$W.

In this paper, the method for the design automation of a narrow band-pass amplifier, and hence the amplifier tuned oscillator is discussed. A fixator approach is utilized in this method to design the narrow band-pass amplifiers and a reference circuit is required for this process. The fixator–norator pair helps to generate an extra sub-circuit, generally the feedback network; the addition of this sub-circuit in the actual amplifier circuit will modify the frequency response of the amplifier. The amplifier now behaves like an active narrow band-pass filter, which exactly follows the frequency response of the model circuit. This can be turned into an oscillator by providing positive feedback. Such a circuit possesses independent frequency and amplitude control. Hence, the re-designed circuit can be employed as an active filter or an oscillator at the selected center frequency. In addition to the technical merits, the proposed method has pedagogical importance. Few case studies are worked out in this paper to demonstrate the method.

The evaluation of feedback collected from students at the end of the year is very essential for every educational institution. It is important to improve the teaching–learning process and the annual appraisal process. The existing approach utilizes a Likert scale questionnaire, which allows students to express their level of agreement or disagreement with given statements or provide a neutral response. Additionally, the feedback form includes open-ended questions where students can provide textual feedback. This study introduces a Lexicon-based approach to automatically analyze the textual feedback concerning different aspects of teaching. Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) of student feedback aims to identify sentiments expressed toward various aspects of teachers, such as their ability to address student doubts and their overall knowledge. This study explores linguistic characteristics found in sentences, including negation, modifiers and contact shifters. To assess the sentiment of a sentence, the SentiWordNet lexicon is utilized to assign scores to individual words. Based on these scores, the sentence is categorized as either positive, negative or neutral. According to the experimental findings, the Aspect-Oriented Lexicon-Based (AOLB) approach demonstrates superior performance compared to other baseline methods when it comes to accurately scoring sentiment. The approach achieved a high accuracy rate of 94% for the student feedback dataset-I, 74% for the student feedback dataset-II, 55% for laptop reviews and 59% for restaurant reviews in the SemEval 2014 dataset-III.

A model which allows a double impacting regime for a particle undergoing simple harmonic motion is considered in some detail. The behavior of the particle in the weak spring limit is considered. Symmetries of the motion are found and the extent of the resonant dynamical behavior is considered. Control equations are developed and strategies are described for both the preservation and the annihilation of experimental and analytical resonant periodic orbits.

We analyze an important class of engineering systems characterized by the discontinuous motion of a spring-mass constrained by the motion of a feedback-assisted actuator. We show that the combined effects of mechanical restitution coefficient and displacement feedback can be exactly represented by a single equivalent dissipation coefficient. We also show that the topological properties of the surfaces of section of orbits generated by impact oscillators which possess differing proportions of restitution and feedback levels, but whose equivalent dissipation coefficients are equal, are equivalent and universally scalable. The scaling law allows us to interchange the effects of restitution and feedback coefficients and so, effectively, eliminate one of these parameters from the equations of motion. Thus, the topological properties of dissipative feedback-assisted systems can be seen as scaled versions of either purely dissipative, or purely feedback-assisted, oscillators.

This paper deals with master–slave synchronization for Lur'e systems subject to a more general sector condition by using time delay feedback control. A new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and a new Lur'e–Postnikov Lyapunov functional are proposed to obtain some new delay-dependent synchronization criteria, which are formulated in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). These criteria cover some existing results as their special cases. An example shows that the result derived in this paper significantly improves some existing ones.