Narrow Results

The paper analyzes some of Tesla's works and his most remarkable views concerning the problem of formulating theoretical bases of automatic control. As a tribute to Tesla's work on remote control of automated systems, as well to his (at the time) far-seeing visions, special attention is paid to solving the complex problem of control and feedback application. A more detailed discussion of the way and origin of formulating theoretical bases of automatic control is given. Besides, in more detail are presented the related pioneering works of Professor Nicholas Bernstein, great Russian physiologist who formulated the basic rules of the self-regulating movements of man. Bernstein has achievements of highest scientific significance that has been in a direct function of identifying and proving the priority of his pioneering contributions in the domain of feedback, i.e. control and principles of cybernetics.

The article presents the facts about the pioneering research results of Professor Nikolai Bernstein in the area of man's voluntary movements. Relevant data are given concerning the priority of introducing the notion of feedback in the process of active voluntary human movements, twelve years before the known Wiener's publication. Bernstein demonstrated how the problems of general physiology can be explored in terms of the structural analysis of movements. He dealt with the most important aspects of the vital activity of higher organisms, and how this has been accorded the place in physiology and, when it developed, promised to be of the greatest value in cybernetics and in the exact mathematical formulation of a physiological theory of motor behavior. In his research, Bernstein modeled the function of the central nervous system and offered the cyberneticists a system for the development of analogs for experimental model-making that was not only incomparably richer than examples of internal stabilizing processes (blood-pressure, temperature and sugar-level regulating systems, for example), and also more complex than the systems of dynamic regulation that have already been studied in some depth, such as the mechanisms of ocular accommodation, or of the pupillary reaction.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was originally developed for atomic resolution surface topography observations. Nowadays, it is also widely used for nanolithography. AFM-based lithography is an effective method compared to conventional photolithographic processes due to its simplicity, high resolution, and low cost. It can provide nanoscale stage control and the probing tip can be used as a lithographic tool. Therefore, various AFM-based nanoscale fabrication methods have been proposed using electrochemical oxidation, material transfer, mechanical lithography, and thermally induced modifications. This chapter will introduce the detailed processes and applications of AFM-based lithographic techniques.

Assume that there are p samples and q metrics, which also means the data has q dimensions. For those original accurate data, we employ the normalization method to transfer them into numbers ranging from -1 to +1; for those indicators which cannot be presented as a number, we apply the man-made scoring: -1, -0.5, 0, +0.5, +1in five levels. Then separately, we performed Analytic Hierarchy Process and Maximum Entropy Model on these secondary data. By multiplying the weight and the correlation coefficient, Level 3 data is obtained. Finally, the Principal Component Analysis is carried out, and we can derive the function between the original data and the evaluation result. However, the connection is quite unstable if any data changes significantly. So we put forward a feedback system, which evaluates the final result (as a number) to be a new original data. Apparently, this model still has some contingencies. In order to evaluate the error, we establish an implicit relationship between the original data and the final results by Artificial Neural Networks Principals. Compared the simulation without previous results, one may conclude that our model is robust and valid under most circumstances. Finally, we can work out the error percentage of our evaluation model.

A feedback control circuit is presented to solve the problem of electric isolation between the output of high voltage feedback circuit and the input of micro control unit pins in high voltage measurement system. Sampling voltage acquired by resistive divider from the secondary winding of the transformer acts as the input of voltage-to-frequency converter in the feedback control circuit, and a photoelectrical coupler is adopted in the circuit to solve the problem of isolation. Simulation and experiment results verified the validity of this design, the output of high voltage transformer and the input of the micro control unit are effectively isolated and the circuit works reliably.