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This paper documents application of the Future Agricultural Resources Model (FARM) to stylized carbon tax scenarios specified by the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum (EMF). Model results show that the method of tax revenue recycling makes a difference. Either labor-tax, or capital-tax, recycling can reduce the welfare cost of a carbon tax policy relative to lump sum recycling. Of the two tax recycling options, reducing capital taxes provides the greater reduction in welfare costs. However, carbon tax revenues decline with stringent carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission targets and the availability of a negative-emissions technology such as bio-electricity with CO₂ capture and storage (BECCS). As BECCS expands, net carbon tax revenues peak and decline due to an offsetting subsidy for carbon sequestration, limiting the potential for labor- or capital-tax recycling to reduce welfare costs of a climate policy.

The paper investigated the firm determinants of voluntary GHG emissions disclosures in an environment of less public appetite for enforcement using a sample of FTSE350 companies listed on London Stock Exchange for the period 2008–2011. The findings from the panel fixed effects model suggest that firm size and its related capital structure determine the extent to which corporations engage in voluntary disclosures of GHG emissions and practices. There was also evidence of disclosures increasing over time but profitability and liquidity had no significant influence. These findings are of importance to policy makers grappling with viable energy and climate change policy alternatives to get firms on board towards building a sustainable carbon constrained economy

In recent years, increases in fossil fuel consumption, along with associated resource limitations, high prices, and growing concern about climate change, have led to initiatives in favor of expanding renewable energy use. This study addresses several issues. Firstly, we review drivers and obstacles that the biofuel industry faces. Secondly, the current state of the biofuel industry with emphasis on the EU is investigated. Thirdly, the paper quantifies the factors that foster or harm biofuel use by applying dynamic panel econometric techniques (panel GMM). Economic activity (GDP), high fuel prices, greenhouse gas emissions and to a weaker extent some political characteristics are the main drivers. Our findings suggest that biofuel production will experience substantial growth, especially within developed economies primarily due to their environmental and national energy security concerns.

Carbon dioxide is the largest contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and its influence on the atmosphere is becoming more of a concern. Several sources of natural carbon dioxide emission and mitigation exist such as organism respiration and decomposition and forest fires as well as mitigation controls by sequestering from foliage and absorption from oceans. Anthropogenic sources include energy production from fossil fuels, industrial production and agricultural production, and have been adding to atmospheric levels at an exponential rate. Several processes to help mitigate carbon dioxide include capturing, separation and storage. This paper covers a review of carbon dioxide emissions and mitigation practices.

Although agricultural production contributed about 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States in 2019, existing agricultural practices are capable of making the sector carbon neutral. Whether American agriculture will ultimately achieve carbon neutrality is ultimately a question of political will, not a scientific one. Given the right policy environment, farms and ranches will be able to cut their emissions and use their land to sequester carbon, while becoming more climate resilient, productive, and profitable…

Some people think that carbon and sustainable development are not compatible. This textbook shows that carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the air and bio-carbon from biomass are our best allies in the energy transition, towards greater sustainability. We pose the problem of the decarbonation (or decarbonization) of our economy by looking at ways to reduce our dependence on fossil carbon (coal, petroleum, natural gas, bitumen, carbonaceous shales, lignite, peat). The urgent goal is to curb the exponential increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (Figures 1.1 and 1.2) that is directly related to our consumption of fossil carbon for our energy and materials The goal of the Paris agreement (United Nations COP 21, Dec. 12, 2015) of limiting the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees (compared to the pre-industrial era, before 1800) is becoming increasingly unattainable (Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), report of Aug. 6, 2021). On Aug. 9, 2021 Boris Johnson, prime minister of the United Kingdom, declared that coal needs to be consigned to history to limit global warming. CO₂ has an important social cost…

Using an international dataset of 5,861 firm-year observations between 2009 and 2016 obtained from the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), we analyze the effect of firms’ Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions on stock price performance. To this end, we first discuss former research which finds an equity discount entailed by high levels of GHG emissions. We then focus on additional metrics of stock price performance, namely stock price return and stock price risk. Interestingly, we do not find any significant impact of GHG emissions on these metrics. A possible explanation is that investors are not yet able to quantify the GHG emission risk due to insufficient disclosure.