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This study yielded insights based on eight China-based service enterprises that entered the overseas Chinese market through greenfield investment. We found that some of the China-based service enterprises explore the internationalization information from Taiwan-based enterprises in China, which operated through trade, outsourcing and joint ventures. Most cases of SOEs, including airlines, wholesale & retail, restaurant and banking, the investment decision was made in full awareness of the institutional driving factor of ECFA. China-based service enterprises owned by local government and venturing in Taiwan are more likely to depend on personal or partner networks of Taiwan-based enterprises in China, than on due diligence process. They intend to venture into the overseas Chinese market for their outward FDI. Our findings and propositions are important for China-based service enterprises’ outward FDI. Asian host countries can improve their understanding of how to influence the FDI of China-based service enterprises through their home-country-based enterprises in China, helping to mitigate their liability of foreignness by means of personal or partner networks.

The amount of online information in Chinese and the number of Chinese Internet users have been increasing tremendously during the past decade. Since Chinese language is significantly different from English, techniques that have been developed for retrieving information from English Web documents cannot be directly applied to retrieve information from Chinese Web documents. In order to provide high-performance access of Chinese information on the Web, we have developed a Chinese Web query engine that (i) extracts (hierarchical) data of interest from Chinese HTML tables using an information extraction tool called semantic hierarchy, (ii) allows the user to submit queries in Chinese using a menu-driven user interface, and (iii) processes the user's queries (as Boolean expressions) to generate the correct results. Our query engine supports various groups of information that are categorized into various subject areas, such as car ads, house rentals, job ads, stocks, university catalogs, etc. We have tested our information extraction tool on two application domains, car-ads and house-rental. The average F-measure on extracting Chinese data from these two application domains is above 90%. More importantly, our query engine can easily be configured and internationalized to become a worldwide, multilingual query engine with minor changes in system settings on PCs running Windows operating systems.

The research expects to promote “artificial intelligence (AI) $+$ Education” and cultivate high-quality art design talents with international perspectives. First, random sampling recruits 100 Art Design sophomores in a university and divides them into a test group and a control group. The Questionnaire Survey (QS) is used to obtain research data, including students’ satisfaction with the curriculum, training mode, and innovation environment. Meanwhile, some deficiencies in the traditional educational model are revealed alongside targeted suggestions. Then, a comparative analysis is performed on the design works of the two groups and the student’s evaluation of the existing and proposed models. The result proves the effectiveness of the proposed international art design talents-oriented Human–Computer Interaction (HCI)-based training model. The research results imply that students are less satisfied with the existing curriculum, training mode, and innovative environment. About 40% of students hold a neutral attitude towards the current curriculum. They hope that the school provides a more comprehensive and flexible curriculum, personalized training methods, and a relaxed learning environment conducive to creativity. Students in the test and the control groups have gained significant differences in the scores of design works. The test group has scored relatively high, and their works contain more international elements than the control group. Meanwhile, the test group’s works reflect a deeper understanding of theoretical knowledge. They give a high evaluation of the proposed talent training model. Thus, the proposed HCI-based new talent training model is effective. Therefore, the proposal is of great significance for promoting the “AI $+$ Education” and talent training models.

While most private-owned enterprises (POEs) in China are engaged in subcontracting or do not own the product brands, the number of POEs with their own brands has increased rapidly, while some are even globally recognized. Since these POEs face high opportunity costs for own branding, given their dominant presence in the global subcontracting community, their own branding actions require contextual understanding of doing business in China. This study starts with the notion of how these POEs shift from subcontracting to own branding, and explores their respective own branding paths. We interviewed seven Chinese POEs in the fashion industry in Zhejiang Province: Babei, Baili, Sunrise, Aokang, Youngor, Kangnai, and JNBY. The case studies suggest how these firms built their brands in the global market, and why their trajectories differentiated in the course of own branding. Our study configures three types of own brand models for POEs: the competitive subcontracting, the toehold, and the home-linked organic models. POEs can continue subcontracting in their core business, while implementing own branding through diversification. Alternatively, they can segregate markets, pursuing own branding in one group of countries, while subcontracting elsewhere. In addition, they may establish wholly owned enterprises, and introduce their brands in a way that preserves their home market advantages. We identify two stimuli for Chinese POEs’ global branding choices. Global branding strengthens domestic position as it becomes a signal for reputation. As the online platform reduces costs for global branding, and becomes popular, POEs are more likely to pursue global branding to become more competitive in the domestic market. Many POEs also continue to collaborate with the previous customers through strategic inter-dependence, such as distribution channel exchange.

The economic environment and associated constraints have significant and unequal effects on Small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Constraints have been used, among other growth factors, to understand why some SMEs fail to grow while others foster. However, beyond knowing the effects or constraints, it is important entrepreneurs know how they can avoid constraints. The study provides an important contribution by showing that South-African SMEs that face constraints because of competition, government rules and regulations, financing gaps and corruption, can navigate away from these constraints by going international. The evidence shows a positive moderating effect of internationalization on the relationship between local constraints and SME growth. However, the results also reveal that lack of government support is a significant constraint to growth when SMEs export internationally.

A rich body of literature has emerged from research on Western new product development (NPD). However, the impact of country- and culture-specific influences on these processes has not been examined in detail yet. Hence, this study identifies the differences in NPD practices between the Indian and German research and development (R&D) subsidiaries of multinational companies (MNCs). Data have been generated by interviews with R&D executives in both countries across multiple cases. The study samples strategic, organisational, and operational aspects and indicates differences in process coordination, reward systems, NPD creativity techniques, market orientation, and the average age of NPD teams. Other aspects, such as top management support, the use of structured NPD processes, and the use of heterogeneous NPD teams, show no substantial differences between the countries. Our findings suggest that, while some aspects are universally applicable across cultural frontiers, Western companies must understand India's different expectations regarding NPD and adjust their practices accordingly.

Internationalization is a hot topic in innovation management, whereby the phenomenon of “Born Globals” is still limited to research in the domains of Entrepreneurship and International Management. As business model design plays a key role for Born Globals, we link these two concepts. For this, we propose hypotheses about the influence of efficiency-centered and novelty-centered business model design on international firm performance. To test these hypotheses, we performed a quantitative survey with 252 founders of international companies in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Additionally, we gained further insights through a case study analysis of 11 Born Globals. The results show that business model design matters to international firm performance and the business model design of Born Globals tends to be more efficiency-centered. Based on a multiple case study, we analyzed business models in a more sophisticated way and derived propositions that yielded in an archetype of a Born Global’s business model.

The firm-level determinants of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) intensity of Indian manufacturing firms are analyzed using a random-effects Tobit model for a panel dataset covering over 17,550 firms from 1992–1993 to 2018–2019. The explanatory variables are based on a theoretical synthesis of Dunning’s (1980) [Towards an eclectic theory of international production: Some empirical tests. Journal of International Business Studies, 11(1), 9–31] ownership–location–internationalization (OLI) model and Mathew’s (2002) [Competitive advantage of the latecomer firm: A resource-based account of industrial catch-up strategies. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(4), 467–488] linkage–leverage–learning (LLL) model. The empirical evidence reveals that policy liberalization, size (up to a threshold level), age, business group ownership structure, and the extent of foreign earnings strongly impact the OFDI intensity of Indian manufacturing enterprises. In contrast, outsourcing intensity, technological efforts, product differentiation, export intensity, and use of imported intermediate inputs were found to have a moderate positive impact. A moderate negative impact was found for factors like the global financial crisis, debt-equity ratio, and technology imports, and a strong negative effect for foreign ownership and public-sector ownership structure variables.

Modern resource markets are globalized, which gives significant advantages to countries that own these resources. The proceeds from the sale of resources to global markets can serve as a financial phase for the implementation of important government development programs for a country. The paper examines the influence of the economic and political aspects of globalization on the export operations of the OPEC and OPEC+ member countries. A statistical study of the dependence of export volume dynamics on the KOF Globalization Index and its components was carried out, which made it possible to quantitatively assess the impact of political and economic globalization on OPEC countries’ exports by developing a mathematical model that would describe the relationship of these indicators. The OPEC and OPEC+ countries were grouped depending on those components of the globalization indicator that affect export volumes, that is, according to the level of countries’ involvement in globalization.

The internationalization of the portfolio company is a key strategy used by private equity (PE) investors to create value and produce returns. In recent years, the focus on the strategies for value-creation through operational improvement has become essential to achieve the exponential growth required to the portfolio company, given the low multiples and the market risk of leverage. In this paper, we define the key types of contribution that a PE investor can provide in order to support the internationalization process and their effects on the portfolio company’s performance. The research is based on a survey administered to 47 PE fund managers, which covers 156 deals involving Italian companies. The results offer insight into the contribution to the corporate governance, strategy and management that PE provides in addition to the monetary support. The findings show that the non-financial support given to the portfolio companies has a positive impact on the performance and that the most impactful contribution the PE can give is the support to the relational network when the company strategy involves a foreign direct investment.

China–Africa cooperation in recent years has been marked by two distinct trends, localization and internationalization, which have allowed a variety of actors and stakeholders to be part of Africa’s development story. But even as African development takes on more nongovernmental and multilateral characteristics, inadequate social participation and lack of coordination between major donor countries still pose significant challenges that must be addressed before localization and internationalization can help further boost aid effectiveness on the continent. The Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) as the premium platform for China–Africa cooperation holds great promise for advancing Africa’s economic, social, and human development, on the one hand, and forging closer multilateral coordination, on the other. In addition, a more complex geopolitical landscape has also underscored the forum’s strategic and practical value for top Chinese policymakers and their African counterparts, as both seek more predictable and productive relations to meet an increasing number of common challenges and are making new efforts to build a more open and inclusive FOCAC in order to advance the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and fulfill Beijing’s commitment to multilateralism and international cooperation.

The literature in the field of internationalization has managed to link other areas of knowledge such as marketing to give an explanation to the establishment of strategies to survive in international markets. In this sense, the concept of international market orientation emerges that manages to explain how businesses design a strategy to improve the satisfaction of customer needs in international contexts. The purpose of this article is finding the factors that influence the relationship between the international market orientation and international results. In turn, the directors of export SME´s should be aware that entering international markets prematurely and achieving a significant percentage by volume of international sales does not necessarily guarantee better international performance. They should search for other types of resources or capabilities that permit better possibilities of obtaining competitive advantage in the long-term, such as the adoption of an international market orientation, which makes it possible to evaluate and analyze the internal and external factors present in a company’s internal dynamics. To achieve this objective is taken as the unit of analysis Colombian exporters companies through a sample of 319 surveys and that are processed in a hierarchical regression analysis. The main findings confirm that adopt a strategy of international orientation relative to other strategies such as innovative and entrepreneurial orientation does have positive effects on the internationalization of companies. However, this strategy has a tendency to saturation and therefore can generate negative effects on the international results.

A rich body of literature has emerged from research on Western new product development (NPD). However, the impact of country- and culture-specific influences on these processes has not been examined in detail yet. Hence, this study identifies the differences in NPD practices between the Indian and German research and development (R&D) subsidiaries of multinational companies (MNCs). Data have been generated by interviews with R&D executives in both countries across multiple cases. The study samples strategic, organisational, and operational aspects and indicates differences in process coordination, reward systems, NPD creativity techniques, market orientation, and the average age of NPD teams. Other aspects, such as top management support, the use of structured NPD processes, and the use of heterogeneous NPD teams, show no substantial differences between the countries. Our findings suggest that, while some aspects are universally applicable across cultural frontiers, Western companies must understand Indias different expectations regarding NPD and adjust their practices accordingly.

Internationalization is a hot topic in innovation management, whereby the phenomenon of “Born Globals” is still limited to research in the domains of Entrepreneurship and International Management. As business model design plays a key role for Born Globals, we link these two concepts. For this, we propose hypotheses about the influence of efficiency-centered and novelty-centered business model design on international firm performance. To test these hypotheses, we performed a quantitative survey with 252 founders of international companies in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Additionally, we gained further insights through a case study analysis of 11 Born Globals. The results show that business model design matters to international firm performance and the business model design of Born Globals tends to be more efficiency-centered. Based on a multiple case study, we analyzed business models in a more sophisticated way and derived propositions that yielded in an archetype of a Born Global’s business model.

The internationalization of higher education has important implications for the development of a nation. The Vietnamese authorities have recognized it and issued various supporting policies, covering national human resources, international cooperation, and foreign language teaching and learning. This chapter presents and discusses the response of 91 Vietnamese university leaders with regard to internationalization at their institutions. Overall, these leaders find internationalization to be a positive change, but it leaves a lot to be desired. A number of recommendations are proposed to accelerate internationalization, with a specific focus on budget allocation, FDI attraction, and university autonomy. In this way, internationalization might also further new managerialism in Vietnamese higher education.

The shortage of global competency leaders is an immense challenge for the internationalization of corporations. It is a crucial issue to cultivate and develop global competency leaders during the internationalization of companies, which requires further study in China. On the basis of a literature review on global competency leadership at home and abroad, this paper first proposes a five-level global competency leadership model incorporating a set of basic characteristics. Next, it analyzes the present situation and major problems of global competency leadership development in the internationalization of Chinese corporations. Finally, some measures for global competency leadership development of Chinese corporations are presented.

In the process of internationalization of construction enterprises, the international enterprises need to consider whether part of the contract should be subcontracted to the local enterprises to gain a competitive advantage in the international contractor market; thus, forming a decentralized project subcontracting structure. Assuming that the local subcontracting market has a monopoly characteristic, the owner has a quality perception difference for the products provided by different enterprises, and the spillover effect will occur in the cooperation of sub-contracting. The Hotelling model is used to study the impact of the sub-contracting strategy on international enterprises and the whole market. The results show that local enterprises choose to subcontract to reduce the cost, and can always improve their profit level, intensify market competition, squeeze the market share of international contractors and reduce their profits; international enterprises in the local market need to balance the cost reduction caused by the subcontracting and the negative effect of the quality level brought by the counterparty through sub-contracting, the differentiated competition equilibrium results appear in this model.

The shortage of global competency leaders is an immense challenge for the internationalization of corporations. It is a crucial issue to cultivate and develop global competency leaders during the internationalization of companies, which needs further study in China. On the basis of a literature review on global competency leadership at home and abroad, this paper first proposes a five-level global competency leadership model incorporating a set of basic characteristics. Next, it analyzes the present situation and major problems of global competency leadership development in the internationalization of Chinese corporations. Finally, some measures for global competency leadership development of Chinese corporations are presented.