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We have constructed a magnetron nanocluster ion source by plasma-gas-aggregations. Using the magnetron type nanocluster ion source and TOF mass spectrometer, we measured the mass distribution of boron nanoclusters. In these experiments, we detected nanocluster of while the peaks around these masses cannot be resolved. Although magnetron type nanocluster source is useful tool, it has a weak beam intensity and short lifetime for using as an ion source of nanocluster ion implantation, which is one of the important applications for the nanocluster ion source. For this reason, we are constructing and developing a new nanocluster ion source (waveguide-surfatron nanocluster ion source). The new nanocluster ion source consists a large area plasma ion source and gas aggregation cell instead of present nanocluster ion source configuration (magnetron type nanocluster ion source).

The phase transition induced by pressure in the PbS and HgS nanocrystals was studied by in situ high pressure X-ray powder diffraction measurements. PbS underwent a phase transition from B1-B16 at 7 GPa whereas no transition was observed in HgS up to 15 GPa. The transition remained unaltered on the release of pressure. The volume decreased with an increase in pressure. There is a shift in transition pressure towards the higher side when compared with the bulk materials.

A simple green one-step method for the synthesis of highly active palladium nanoparticles embedded on copper oxide as an efficient catalyst for ligand-free Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions has been developed. The synthetic approach is based on Microwave (MW)-assisted simultaneous chemical reduction of an aqueous solution of palladium and copper salts using hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent. Selected characterization of the catalyst with transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) reveal a size range of 25$\pm$2nm for the generated catalyst nanoparticles with the highest catalytic activity. The use of the generated Pd/CuO nanoparticles is highly advantageous due to the use of ethanol/water as an environmentally green solvent under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the synthesized Pd/CuO nanoparticles catalyst can be recycled and re-used up to five times with negligible effect on the efficiency having turnover number up to 6000 and turnover frequency reaching 72000h${}^{-1}$ for 20wt.% Pd loaded catalyst at 150^∘C.

This paper has presented a novel method for the synthesis of regular and reproductive ZnO nanostructures by microwave heating. Unlike the previous studies, it has focused on ZnO nanostructures grown on the Si wafer used as a cover rather than on the precursor top and the results show that ZnO nanostructures with different shapes depending on the amount of mixture and the position in the Si wafer grow on the regular and reproductive basis. In the center of the Si wafer, short and coarse ZnO nanorods have grown, and on the outer edges, the structure of bundles consisting of ZnO nanorods with much longer lengths and smaller diameters has been synthesized. Morphology of ZnO nanorods was characterized by using scanning electron microscope and the nanorods grown on the outer edges had a mean diameter of 200nm and were up to $100\mu$m long. In order to elucidate the growth mechanism of nanorods, we have carried out SEM, energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and XRD characterization, which shows that ZnO nanorods have grown according to VLS mechanism. A controllable growth method of ZnO nanoneedle is suggested.

Currently, microwave is widely used in chemical industry to accelerate chemical reactions. Saponification reaction has important applications in industry; some research results have shown that microwave heating can significantly accelerate the reaction [1]. But so far, no efficient method has been reported for the analysis of the heating process and design of an efficient reactor powered by microwave. In this paper, we present a method to study the microwave heating process on saponification reaction, where the reactant in a test tube is considered as a mixture of dilute solution. According to the preliminary measurement results, the effective permittivity of the mixture is approximately the permittivity of water, but the conductivity, which could change with the reaction, is derived from the reaction equation (RE). The electromagnetic field equation and reaction equation are coupled by the conductivity. Following that, the whole heating processes, which is described by Maxwell’s equations, the reaction equation and heat transport equation (HTE), is analyzed by finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The temperature rising in the test tube are measured and compared with the computational results. Good agreement can be seen between the measured and calculated results.

Considering some disadvantages existing in traditional infrared radiation heating, a new windshield microwave heating method is presented in this paper, and the new method is simulated and parameter-optimized by numerical simulation. The volume loss density of electromagnetic wave propagating in a medium was applied to nodes as heat generation rate, and the full-size microwave scanning heating to whole surface of windshield was achieved by APDL command. Then the effects of scanning interval and scanning speed on temperature uniformity and heating efficiency were studied. The optimal parameters of microwave scanning heating are obtained and the new windshield microwave heating method is optimized, which contribute to improving windshield heating in the actual production.

Effective heating method is one of the critical technologies to influence the quality of tempered glass. The three dimensional thermal-structural tempering of glass has been simulated by using ANSYS software. The temperature and stress distribution of tempered glass using microwave heating method has been compared with distribution using traditional infrared radiation heating method. Considering the efficiency and effect of heating, and the routine of increasing heat transfer coefficient to enhance strength of tempered glass in practical, a more effective heating method –microwave heating has been introduced.

Currently, conventional heating is widely used in the pretreatment of ionic liquid for the improvement of fiber quality. However, it has disadvantages of low heating speed and poor mass transfer performance. Microwave heating on the other hand, could overcome these disadvantages. In this paper, a comparison between these two heating methods was conducted on their effects on pulp properties. Through the analysis of pulp freeness and fiber quality, the results demonstrated that the optimal microwave processing time and temperature were 15-20 minutes and 70-75°C respectively, with a beating degree of approximately 45°C; the fiber produced was the best quality and contains the lowest fines content. Therefore, microwave heating can improve pulp properties effectively and at greater ease and speed as compared with conventional heating.

Waste penicillin mycelium (WPM) is a solid waste from the production process of penicillin in pharmaceutical industry, which is difficult to dispose because of environmental and safety problems. We treated WPM by microwave hydrolysis in alkali condition and used for gypsum retarder. Four factors were investigated: alkali concentration, solid-liquid ratio, treatment time and temperature. The optimal results for the hydrolysis process were obtained: alkali concentration 0.04 mol/L, solid-liquid ratio 1:3, treatment time 12 min, and at 85 °C. The change rule of protein content is not consistent with that of setting time from the experimental data, which suggests that the components as amino acid, citric acid and lactic acid in retarder also have the retarding effect on gypsum.