Narrow Results

I give a brief review of theoretical high energy physics as we know it today in the general picture of quantum physics. Prospects for future developments are outlined.

In quantum physics, one has to deal with linear operator valued functions of a linear operator argument. The derivatives and higher derivatives of such functions are no longer linear operators on state vector spaces. They are hyper-operators of various kinds. Two kinds of notations for hyper-operators are presented. We show that by using them, one can easily write down these hyper-operators, and the calculation on hyper-operators can be reduced to the calculation on ordinary operators. The hyper-operators are shown to be a powerful tool for noncommutative calculus in quantum physics.

This paper puts forward an interpretation of the Josephson effect based on the alternative theory of superconductivity (ATS). A comparison of the ATS- and BCS-based interpretations is provided. It is demonstrated that the ATS-based interpretation, unlike that based on the BCS theory, does not require a revision of fundamentals of quantum physics.

Perfect screening of sub-milligauss magnetic fields (ideal diamagnetism) by a system comprised of a graphene and thin permalloy foil parallel to the graphene layer immersed in $n$-heptane is observed at room temperature. The presence of all three components is necessary for the effect to occur. Ideal diamagnetic response appears at the moment of $n$-heptane injection and disappears when the liquid evaporates. Until then, no change of diamagnetic moment occurs at further variation of the field. The observed ideal diamagnetic feature is either a footprint of a novel type of superconductivity at room temperature or a yet unknown quantum phenomenon in condensed matter physics.

The soliton wave solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain $({\mathscr{H}}{ℱ}{𝒮}{𝒞})$ problem are explored in this paper. The (2+1)-dimensional ${\mathscr{H}}{ℱ}{𝒮}{𝒞}$ equation describes the nonlinear spin dynamics of Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chains in the semiclassical limit. This formula is based on the spin-chain of the Heisenberg field. The bilinear and anisotropic interactions are accounted for in this equation. Even ferromagnetism may be explained by this paradigm, since it describes the propagation of waves inside a substance (the magnetic ordering in ferromagnetic materials). To construct a new soliton wave solution and validate its correctness, modern analytical and approximative schemes are utilized such as the Khater II and Adomian decomposition methods. Numerous interpretations for solitary waves are shown by various plots such as polar plots, contour plots, two-dimensional plots, and three-dimensional plots. The study’s novelty may be appreciated by contrasting our findings with those presented in previously published research publications. Most of the many computational simulations used are performed with the aid of a program called Mathematica 13.1.

Quantum entanglement is an important element of quantum information processing. Sharing entangled quantum states between two remote parties is a precondition of most quantum communication schemes. We will show that the protocol proposed by Yamamoto et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett.95 (2005) 040503) for transmitting single quantum qubit against collective noise with linear optics is also suitable for distributing the components of entanglements with some modifications. An additional qubit is introduced to reduce the effect of collective noise, and the receiver can take advantage of the time discrimination and the measurement results of the assistant qubit to reconstruct a pure entanglement with the sender. Although the scheme succeeds probabilistically, the fidelity of the entangled state is almost unity in principle. The resource used in our protocol to get a pure entangled state is finite, which establishes entanglement more easily in practice than quantum entanglement purification. Also, we discuss its application in quantum key distribution over a collective channel in detail.

In this paper we discuss the implementation of 2-qubit quantum state transfer (QST) in inhomogeneous spin chains where the sender and the receiver blocks are coupled through the bulk channel via weak links. The fidelity and the typical timescale of the QST are discussed as a function of the parameters of the weak links. Given the possibility of implementing with cold atoms in optical lattices a variety of condensed matter systems, including spin systems, we also discuss the possible implementation of the discussed 2-qubit QST with cold gases with weak links, together with a discussion of the applications and limitations of the presented results.

It is convenient to describe a quantum system at all times by means of a “history operator” $C$, encoding measurements and unitary time evolution between measurements. These operators naturally arise when computing the probability of measurement sequences, and generalize the “sum over position histories” of the Feynman path-integral. As we argue in this work, this description has some computational advantages over the usual state vector description, and may help to clarify some issues regarding nonlocality of quantum correlations and collapse. A measurement on a system described by $C$ modifies the history operator, $C\to PC$, where $P$ is the projector corresponding to the measurement. We refer to this modification as “history operator collapse”. Thus, $C$ keeps track of the succession of measurements on a system, and contains all histories compatible with the results of these measurements. The collapse modifies the history content of $C$, and therefore modifies also the past (relative to the measurement), but never in a way to violate causality. Probabilities of outcomes are obtained as $\mathrm{\text{Tr}}(C^{†}PC)∕\mathrm{\text{Tr}}(C^{†}C)$. A similar formula yields probabilities for intermediate measurements, and reproduces the result of the two-vector formalism in the case of the given initial and final states. We apply the history operator formalism to a few examples: entangler circuit, Mach–Zehnder interferometer, teleportation circuit and three-box experiment. Not surprisingly, the propagation of coordinate eigenstates $|q〉$ is described by a history operator $C$ containing the Feynman path-integral.

The understanding about the creation of our universe is explored in many philosophies, natural sciences, religions, ideologies, traditions and many other disciplines. Currently, natural science cannot answer this question at the most fundamental level. In this work, based on the ancient Chinese Tao wisdom about creation, we propose the Law of Tao Yin–Yang Creation. This law states that everything is created from emptiness through yin–yang interaction. Yin and yang are the two basic elements that make up everything. Yin and yang are opposite, relative, co-created, inseparable and co-dependent. The Law of Tao Yin–Yang Creation gives us a deeper insight about space and time. We propose that space and time are two basic measurements we conduct. Time relates to the measurement of movement and change. Space relates to the measurement of stillness and solidity. Space and time are a yin–yang pair. Interaction of two fundamental yin–yang pairs, the space and time yin–yang pair and the inclusion and exclusion duality pair, create our universe. We demonstrate that from this insight, one can derive string theory, superstring or M-theory and the universal wave function interpretation of string theory. We suggest that the Law of Tao Yin–Yang Creation presents the exact process how “it from bit” and it could be the fundamental principle leading to the grand unification theory and the theory of everything.

Smartphones are widely available and used extensively by students worldwide. These phones often come equipped with high-quality cameras that can be combined with basic optical elements to build a cost-effective DIY spectrometer. Here, we discuss a series of demonstrations and pedagogical exercises, accompanied by our DIY diffractive spectrometer that uses a free web platform for instant spectral analysis. Specifically, these demonstrations can be used to encourage hands-on and inquiry-based learning of wave optics, broadband versus discrete light emission, quantization, Heisenberg’s energy-time uncertainty relation, and the use of spectroscopy in day-to-day life. Hence, these simple tools can be readily deployed in high school classrooms to communicate the practices of science.

The Horizon Quantum Mechanics allows one to analyse the gravitational radius of spherically symmetric systems and compute the probability that a given quantum state is a black hole. We first review the global formalism and show that it reproduces a gravitationally inspired GUP relation but also leads to unacceptably large fluctuations in the horizon size of astrophysical black holes if one insists in describing them as (smeared) central singularities. On the other hand, if they are extended systems, like in the corpuscular models, no such issue arises and one can in fact extend the formalism to include asymptotic mass and angular momentum with the harmonic model of rotating corpuscular black holes. The Horizon Quantum Mechanics then shows that, in simple configurations, the appearance of the inner horizon is suppressed and extremal (macroscopic) geometries seem highly disfavoured.

The life of an entrepreneur can be stressful and complex, with insecurity, risk, and hard decisions. There is a lot of stress and burnout among entrepreneurs. It seems like entrepreneurship education doesn’t prioritize human skills, in spite of the fact that they can help entrepreneurs and founders in start-ups deal with resistance. This chapter explores from the author’s perspective how you can help yourself or others become entrepreneurs “by heart,” who can navigate in complexity without getting stressed or experiencing burnout. To explore this concept, I utilize personal cases of entrepreneurship, quantum physics, and the change management method, true storytelling. The chapter focuses on how to work with your personal story, the seven principles in true storytelling, and energy as a way of becoming an entrepreneur and creating an ethical strategy.

The first normal ordering problem involves bosonic harmonic oscillator creation and annihilation operators (Heisenberg algebra). It is related to the problem of finding the finite transformation generated by L_k−1 := −z^k ∂_z, k ∈ ℤ, z ∈ ℂ (conformal algebra generators). It can be formulated in terms of a subclass of Sheffer polynomials called Jabotinsky polynomials. The coefficients of these polynomials furnish generalized Stirling number triangles of the second kind, called S2(k;n,m) for k ∈ ℤ. Generalized Stirling-numbers of the first kind, S1(k;n, m) are also defined.

The second normal ordering problem appears in thermo-field dynamics for the harmonic Bose oscillator. Again Sheffer polynomials appear. They relate to Euler numbers and iterated sums of squares. In a different approach to this problem one solves the differential-difference equation f_n+1 = f'_n + n² f_n-1, n > = 1, with certain inputs f₀ and f₁ = f'₀.

In this case the integer coefficients of the special Sheffer polynomials which emerge have an interpretation as sum over multinomials for some subset of partitions.

Elements of quantum computing and quantum infromation processing are introduced for nonspecialists. Subjects inclulde quantum physics, qubits, quantum gates, quantum algorithms, decoherece, quantum error correcting codes and physical realizations. Presentations of these subjects are as pedagogical as possible. Some sections are meant to be brief introductions to contributions by other lecturers.

A fundamental problem of general relativity is its conflict with quantum physics, i.e., the difficulty putting it into the quantum shoes. On its solution we see light shed by the cosmological constant problem, which we read as a low-energy manifestation of the conflict and a signpost to the reconciliation. We expect the reconciliation between gravity and quantum physics can solve the cosmological constant problem: The former should give a low-energy or an energy-independent solution to the latter, since the latter is not only a high-energy but also a low-energy problem. This requirement provides a physical criterion for evaluating possible solutions of the reconciliation, especially at low energies. Thus, we further expect the keys to the reconciliation can be found in the well-known low-energy physics rather than hiding in unconfirmed physics beyond our reach. Along this line of thought, we discuss possible keys to the reconciliation, such as the quantum treatment of the constrained degrees of freedom of gravity, the timeless problem, and a potential mismatch between average curvature and average metric.

Evidence is adduced from the works of Rabbis Shimon Bar Yochai (c. 100-160 CE), Yitzhak Luria (1534-1572) and Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (1707-1746), that Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (1927), a pillar of quantum mechanics, is anticipated in a Kabbalistic construct known as the Radla (Unknowable Head). Homologies are demonstrated as they relate to the fabric of reality, the intrinsic incomprehensibility and paradoxical nature of the universe, the translation of indeterminacy into experiential reality, worlds in potentia, and the grand scale unicity of the universe. Possible implications of these homologies for modern physics, human knowledge boundaries, free will and prophecy are discussed.

The development of quantum physics over the last century has stimulated a rapprochement between contemporary science and the Jewish mystical tradition or Kabbalah. Here, evidence is adduced from the classical mystical texts (e.g. the Zohar) and the works of leading Kabbalists of the 16^th-18^th centuries supporting an hypothesis that pivotal concepts elaborated by the influential physicist, David Bohm (1917-1992) are intrinsic to the Jewish mystical worldview. Specifically, we will demonstrate striking parallelisms between the “implicate-explicate orders” and “holographic universe” of Bohmian mechanics and the Kabbalistic principles of Hitlabshut (ensheathment), Hitkallelut (interinclusion) and Hitkashrut (interpenetration). Possible implications of these homologies for epistemology, religion and modern physics are discussed.

We can use a physical system for information processing and computing. If a quantum system is employed for these purposes, we are able to use powerful tools, which are beyond our imagination cultivated in the macroscopic world. Subjects introduced in this overview include qubits, quantum gates, quantum algorithms and physical realizations.

In these notes, the motivation for noncommutative spacetimes coming from quantum gravity will be reviewed. The implementation of symmetries coming from theory of Hopf algebras on such spacetimes and the attendant twist of quantum statistics will be discussed in detail. These ideas will be applied to construct covariant quantum fields on such spacetimes. The formalism will then be applied to cosmic microwave background. It will be explained as to how these models predict apparent non-Pauli transitions.