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In this paper, we present a high temperature superconducting (HTS) Filter subsystem, which consists of a 14-pole HTS filter, a low noise amplifier (LNA), a Stirling Cooler and an electronic control system. The HTS filter has a 2.1% fractional bandwidth at 814MHz. It was fabricated on MgO substrate which was double sides coated with YBCO thin films. The insertion loss of the HTS filter is less than 0.2dB, the gain of the subsystem is 22dB at 60K. In this subsystem, the out-of-band rejection is better than 70dB and the steepness of the band-edges is larger than 25dB/MHz at 60K.

The history of complementary observables and mutual unbiased bases is shortly reviewed. A characterization is given in terms of conditional entropy of subalgebras due to Connes and Størmer. The extension of complementarity to noncommutative subalgebras is considered as well. Possible complementary decompositions of a four-level quantum system are described and a characterization of the Bell basis is obtained: The MASA generated by the Bell basis is complementary to both M₂(ℂ) tensor factors.

A metabolic network model provides a computational framework to study the metabolism of a cell at the system level. Due to their large sizes and complexity, rational decomposition of these networks into subsystems is a strategy to obtain better insight into the metabolic functions. Additionally, decomposing metabolic networks paves the way to use computational methods that will be otherwise very slow when run on the original genome-scale network. In the present study, we propose FCDECOMP decomposition method based on flux coupling relations (FCRs) between pairs of reaction fluxes. This approach utilizes a genetic algorithm (GA) to obtain subsystems that can be analyzed in isolation, i.e. without considering the reactions of the original network in the analysis. Therefore, we propose that our method is useful for discovering biologically meaningful modules in metabolic networks. As a case study, we show that when this method is applied to the metabolic networks of barley seeds and yeast, the modules are in good agreement with the biological compartments of these networks.

While the importance of internal integration for effective inter-firm collaboration with suppliers is widely acknowledged, it is presently unclear how it is achieved in complex collaborative product development projects. This paper aims to address this gap in extant knowledge by investigating the internal integration approaches and exploring related project management challenges. Specifically, three internal integration approaches are found, namely integration based on multidirectional, frequent interaction; integration based on delimited, problem-solving; and based on unidirectional, information-oriented interaction. The study findings suggest that internal integration approaches are related to the degree of uncertainty in the subsystems of the suppliers, rather than the overall product system. Consequently, in complex product development projects involving many internal functions and several different suppliers, the specific supplier tasks, rather than the overall project structure and aims, determine the mode of internal integration required. This complexity creates important challenges for organisation, and requires flexibility in internal integration approaches.

Humanity’s efforts are manifested in the creation of novel solutions to complex problems in diverse fields. Traditional mathematical methods fail to solve real-world problems due to their complexity. Researchers have come up with new mathematical theories like fuzzy set theory and rough set theory to help them figure out how to model the uncertainty in these fields. Soft set theory is a novel approach to real-world problem solving that does not require the membership function to be specified. This aids in the resolution of a wide range of issues, and significant progress has recently been made. After Jun et al. came up with a hybrid system that combined fuzzy and soft set concepts, many people came up with hybrid ideas in different algebraic structures. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of subsystem and strong subsystem of a hybrid finite state machine (HFSM) and investigate a portion of their significant properties. We also provide an example that shows that every subsystem does not need to be a strong subsystem. Additionally, we study the cyclic subsystem of HFSMs and also obtain their equivalent results and examples. Finally, we define the notions of homomorphism of subsystems and strong subsystems of HFSMs.

Recalling the decomposition methodology, the complexity of the decomposition process is described. The complexity of a system is connected with the depth reached in the decomposition process. In particular the number of subsystems and the number of active relations present in a decomposition are the elements used to define a complexity index. Some considerations about the decompositions sequences allow to put in evidence some basic properties useful to define the maximum values of complexity. Given some hypotheses about the relation patterns due to the starting steps in the decomposition process the range for each decomposition level is evaluated through computer simulations. In addition some connections with other knowledge contexts, as graph theory, are presented.

Any complex system (CS) are composed of many subsystems. The subsystems interaction and sharing attributes reflect the basic properties of the CS. The basic subsystem attributes and their effects are the important contents studying the relations between subsystems and the entire CS. Using the mathematical tool of voronoi diagram, the CS is divided into many subsystems and integrated in the voronoi diagram. Moreover, the inner features of the subsystems are analyzed. Through the analysis, the moving subsystems are introduced and described. Utilizing the voronoi neighbor relations, the attributes such as integration, information balance, and space self-adaptability and information correlation are generalized by analyzing the moving subsystems' voronoi neighbor information characteristics. Based on the voronoi neighbor, the theoretical foundations of the research on subsystem interaction will be studied.

The purpose of this paper is to make available to the mathematicians and the computer scientists who have limited background in foundations of category theory, an improved essential explanation of ACG and a comprehensible proof of consistency of the systems QM and ZF# in the system ACG.

While the notion of complementarity in quantum systems goes back to the beginning of quantum theory, the concept of complementary subalgebras is quite new. Here we overview the recent developments of the field, characterizations of complementarity and complementary decompositions are reviewed, and we point to some still open questions.