Nano

Calendula genus is a group of herbs used in the treatment of some human diseases and disorders, such as wounds, inflammations, and cancers. Calendula was used as medicine from humans’ earliest ages to the present days; from using the plant itself as herbal tea in the renaissance to using the calendulas as tablets and other drug formations. However, these herbal treatments have some disadvantages, including unwanted side effects in some organs of the body, toxicities, and fast-ending therapeutic effects. Therefore, researchers have made special attention to overcome these disadvantages via drug delivery formulations and using recent drug delivery systems such as nanotubes, liposomes, carrier polymers, lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g., nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) or solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)), fullerenes and so forth. These carriers and delivery systems could help improve the marigold extract (ME) and oil efficacy, leading to a decrease in toxicity and other side effects. Carriers loaded with ME can be an effective formulation design in the treatment of many diseases in humans such as cancer especially if a suitable carrier is chosen in the formulation step like NLCs or metal nanocarriers. The aim of this paper is to provide an extensive review of various drug delivery technologies on Calendula and show how effective it is in improving therapeutic effect by reviewing some of the newest and best research articles and presenting their data in summary form.

In order to satisfy the needs of electronic industries for high-reliability joints, different kinds of nanoparticles were incorporated into conventional Pb-free solders to enhance the performance of solder joints by researchers for decades. It is reported that doping certain nanoparticles to the solder can promote the wettability and strength of the solder, refine the grain size of solder and intermetallic compounds, and inhibit IMC layer growth. In this paper, the effects and the corresponding mechanism of nanoparticle addition on the reliability of Sn-based Pb-free solder joints in various conditions are comprehensively analyzed and summarized such as under thermal aging, thermal cycling, thermal shock, electromigration and so on. In addition, directions for future study about the reliability of nanoparticles-doped solder joints were discussed, so as to provide theoretical support for developing high-reliability nanocomposite solder joints.

Two novel CdS- and Cr-doped CdS nanostructures, including nanoparticles and nanoparticles, were successfully synthesized by solvothermal reaction with hydrazine hydrate (HHA), ethylene glycol (EG), ethylenediamine (EN) and ethanolamine (EA) as mixed solvents in different sulfur and cadmium sources. The structure, morphology and properties of the products were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The morphology of the Cr-doped CdS nanostructures was nanorod, with an average diameter of 70–90nm and lengths of 1–2.5$\mu$m. The product was observed to be composed of S, Cd and Cr by EDS. The VSM tests demonstrated that the Cr-doped CdS nanorods had super strong ferromagnetism at room temperature, while pure CdS nanorods were weak ferromagnetism. The results confirmed that the prepared the Cr-doped CdS nanorods had ferromagnetism at room temperature, and the saturation magnetization $M_s$ was approximately 9.125 (10${}^{-3}$emu/g), the coercivity of $H_c$ was approximately 139.22Oe.

We investigated the impact of cobalt (Co) incorporation on the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of ferrite Ni${}_{1-x}$Co_xMn${}_{0.05}$Fe${}_{1.95}$O₄, also known as NCMF for $x=0$, 0.02, and 0.04, which were successfully synthesized using a low-temperature sol-gel combustion process with nitrates as cations and citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) as the combustion/chelating agent. In X-ray diffraction studies, cobalt incorporation resulted in a significant increase in lattice parameter from 8.31 to 8.36, as well as a significant increase in density from 5.42 to 5.52g/cm³; crystal size formation was observed in the range of 44.76nm to 48.54nm for all samples. Raman spectra analysis confirmed that single phase belongs to the Fd3m space group. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used to identify functional clusters and residual groups in all samples. UV–visible spectroscopy showed a redshift of 0.92eV for $x=0.04$. The effect of dopants on nickel ferrites’ magnetization was observed in the range 52–59emu/g, indicating that all samples contain soft magnetic content. Antifungal activity of synthesized sample was analyzed against Aspergillus niger (MT675916) species of plant pathogenic fungi isolated from Capsicum during storage. Biological analysis designated that the sample for $x=0.04$ has shown a 100% potent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (MT675916) species. For $x=0.04$ treatment completely inhibits the growth of fungus after 7 days. Therefore, NCMF NPs can be used as applicant resources for industrial, medical, and biological applications.

In the semiconductor industry, nanoscale devices have better ability to provide for biomolecules detection, but they face various problems during fabrication process, such as high doping concentration, random dopant fluctuation (RDF), higher production cost, low electrostatic control. To overcome these problems, charge plasma (CP) technique has been introduced by the formation of hafnium material at drain side and platinum material at source side with appropriate work-function. The proposed work charge plasma-based vertical-nanowire tunnel FET (CP-VNWTFET) has been designed and analyzed for biosensor application using different dielectric constant and gate underlap method by creating a cavity area under the gate metal. The sensitivity ($S$) of biosensor is calculated in terms of change in drain-current ($I_d$) and transconductance ($g_m$) by immobilizing the biomolecules such as Urease, Keratin, Streptavidin, ChOX, Zein, Gluten using gate underlap and dielectric modulation technique. The performance parameters like subthreshold slope (SS), off-current ($I_{\mathrm{\text{off}}}$), on-current ($I_{\mathrm{\text{on}}}$), on/off current ratio ($I_{\mathrm{\text{on}}}∕I_{\mathrm{\text{off}}}$) of the CP-VNWTFET have also been observed while varying the neutral and charged biomolecules at various biased conditions. The device is simulated by using Silvaco ATLAS simulator. The proposed device has been found to be suitable for low power sensor design application.

With the rapid development of wireless communication, there are demands on the flexible antennas. In this work, a wearable dipole antenna has been fabricated by spray-coating nano/microscale Ag flakes onto the polyurethane (TPU) template. It demonstrates an ultrahigh electrical conductivity even under large deformation such as bending, twisting, folding and stretching to 170%. Thus, the resultant antenna maintains good properties under the aforementioned deformation. And even under a stretching of 50%, in contact with the body, it can still provide good antenna characteristics. We hope that our results can be adopted for adaptive skin contactable flexible antenna under different conditions, which is crucial for the next generation of wireless communication.

The Pd-rGO@NF composite electrodes were prepared by a simple and green two-step process of spontaneous reduction. Graphene oxide (GO) was first reduced directly by nickel foam (NF) to form a rGO@NF composite substrate. The effect mechanism of GO concentration and pH on the morphology and properties of rGO@NF was investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD and Raman. Increasing GO and H${}^{+}$ concentration can improve the reduction rate, deposit amount and reduction degree of GO on the surface of Ni foam. A uniform, compact and multi-fold rGO coating formed on the Ni skeleton surface at the GO concentration of 2gL${}^{-1}$ and pH of 7. Then, Pd${}^{2+}$ was reduced by rGO on the NF surface to construct the 3D Pd-rGO@NF composite electrodes, which showed superior catalytic activity and stability for H₂O₂ reduction in acidic media compared to Pd-NF due to a higher surface area and better anti-acid corrosion from rGO layers.

Defects and stress distribution in the interface of Ge/Si hetero-structures play an important role in silicon-based semiconductor devices. This work at atomic scale performs molecular dynamics simulations to study the packing characteristics in the Ge/Si interface and loading features on the atoms for different contacting configurations between Ge nanopillars and Si substrates. Based on the analysis of energy, composition, the distribution of hydrostatic pressure, the Lode–Nadai parameters of each atom as well as visualized atomic packing images in the interface regions, simulation results show that contacting configurations of the Ge nanopillar with the (100) surface and the (110) surface of the Si substrate significantly affect the stability of the interface structures. The load-bearing positions of the Si surface and the inter-diffusion among the atoms in the interface regions greatly contribute to the lattice distortion of the silicon substrate, the composition, defects, and local stress distribution in the interface regions.

Conductive hydrogel is a high-performance conductive electrode that can be used for flexible and stretchable sensors. Furthermore, the self-powered sensor devices integrated with conductive hydrogel conductive can play the role in dance posture monitoring. In this work, we proposed a carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh)-Fe/LiCl hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerator (CL-TENG) to harvest human motion mechanical energy. Based on the experimental results, the average transmissivity of CMCh-Fe/LiCl hydrogel can arrive at 91.53%. Also the CMCh-Fe/LiCl hydrogel has a high rate of mechanical healing, especially at high temperatures. The CL-TENG can reach the maximum power density of 81.48mW/m² when the external load is 200M$\mathrm{\Omega }$. The open-circuit voltage ($V_{\mathrm{\text{oc}}}$) and transferred charge ($Q_{\mathrm{\text{sc}}}$) of CL-TENG can arrive at 96V and 32.4nC, and the short-circuit current ($I_{sc})$ of CL-TENG can reach 1.2$\mu$A. The CL-TENG can also serve as the self-powered dance motion sensor to monitor the action specifications of actors in cheerleading performance. This research will promote the development of dance pose sensors.