Bioelectrodynamics and Biocommunication

The following sections are included:

• Preface

• Authors’ Addresses

• Contents

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• The Pre-Galvanic Period
  • Electric Fish
  • Electromagnetism Becomes a Science
  • Vital fluids and Etheric Spirits: Early Hypotheses
  • Pre-Galvanic Electro- and Magnetotherapy

• The Galvanic Period
  • The Galvani-Volta Controversy: Does ‘Animal Electricity’ Exist ?
  • The Therapeutic Use of Galvanism

• The Instrumental Era
  • Electromagnetic Theory Leads to New Instruments
  • Duchenne and Faradic Electrotherapy
  • The Rise of Instrumental Electrophysiology
  • The Classical Period: Du Bois-Reymond and the Berlin School
  • Tesla, D’Arsonval and Early Twentieth Century Electrotherapy
  • The Era of Modern Instrumentation

• The Era of Biophysics: The Rise of Modern Bioelectromagnetics

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Classical Models
  • Maxwell’s Equations
  • Classification of Bio-Electromagnetism and Electromagnetobiology
  • Basic Classical Understanding of Electric Properties of Living Tissues and Heat Loss
  • Nonthermal Effects

• Fröhlich’s Model and Related Topics

• Towards Quantum Biology
  • Extraordinary Polarizability of Biological Tissue
  • Extraordinary High Efficiency of Biological Activity
  • Stability of Wave Propagation
  • Extremely High Sensitivity of Biological Systems

• Some Basic Problems and Open Questions

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Review of Literature

• Characteristic Response to Microwaves and Millimeter Waves

• Threshold Effects

• Cellular Basis

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Background Physics

• Effects of Static Magnetic Fields

• Effects of Time-varying Magnetic Fields

• Electric Field Effects

• Conclusion

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction
  • Anisotropic Reactions in A Cell Membrane
  • Vectorial Driving Force
  • Signal and Language

• Electric Activation of Membrane ATPases
  • Electric Field Induced ATP Synthesis in Energy Transducing Membranes
  • AC Induced Cation Pumping by Na,K- ATPase

• Electroconformational Coupling Model
  • Electric Field Interaction with A Transmembrane Protein
  • Coupling of An Electric Potential to A Chemical Potential
  • Windows for Effective Coupling

• Transduction of Low Level Electric Signals

• Generation of Electric Signals in Cells

• Perspective

• Acknowledgments

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Signal Transduction and the Cell Membrane

• Studies on Erythrocytes
  • Membrane Permeability and Structural Phase Transition Studies
  • Protein-Shedding Studies at the Structural Phase Transition

• Studies on Lymphocytes
  • Arrhenius Analysis of Active and Passive Transport of Sodium in Rat Spleen Lymphocytes
  • Microwave Exposures Facilitate the Accumulation of Sodium in the Lymphocyte During Passive and Active Transport at T_c
  • Protein-Shedding Studies at the Structural Phase Transition

• Liposome Vesicle Studies
  • Liposome Bilayer Organization and the Structural Phase Transition
  • Microwave - Triggered Liposome Permeability: Phase-Transition Liposomes and the Role of Cholesterol
  • Microwave-Triggered Liposome Permeability: Non-Phase-Transition Liposomes and Net Surface Charge
  • Microwave-Triggered Liposome Permeability: Role of Free Radicals
  • Microwave-Triggered Liposome Permeability: Membrane Fusion

• Acknowledgments

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• The Physical versus the Chemical Approach to Morphogenesis
  • The Electrodynamical Morphogenetic Field

• Experimental Methods
  • Methods for Generating Magnetic Fields
  • Methods for Preparing and Rearing Embryos
  • Methods of Exposure to Magnetic Fields

• Results
  • Effect on Hatching Rates and Total Patterning Abnormalities
  • The Categories of Pattern Abnormalities
  • Different Categories of Abnormalities in DC and AC Fields
  • Tor-series Abnormalities Resemble the DC-series

• Discussion
  • The Effect of Magnetic Fields on Body Pattern
  • Embryos as Possible Detectors for the Aharonov-Bohm Effect

• Acknowledgment

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Liquid Crystals and Living Matter

• Coherence and Phase Ordering of Liquid Crystals
  • The Technique

• The Nature and Biological Significance of the Colours
  • The Colours Give Anatomical Details Noninvasively
  • The Colours Are Informative of Molecular Structure and Dynamic Molecular Phase Order
  • The Colours Give Information Concerning Global Coherence of the Organism
  • The Colours are Correlated with the Energetic and Physiological Status of the Organism

• The Optical Basis of the Technique
  • The Technique is Optimized for Visualizing Biological Crystals
  • Mathematical Analysis in Terms of Two Superposed Crystal Plates

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgment

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Theoretical Background
  • Dielectric Properties of a Cell:

• Cells in Electric Fields

• Dielectrophoresis and Electrorotation

• Travelling-Wave Effects

• Concluding Remarks

• Acknowledgments

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Materials and Methods
  • Preparation of Human Erythrocyte Ghosts
  • Preparation of Bone Marrow Cells
  • Electropulsation and Fluorescence Measurements

• Results
  • Dynamic Process of Electropermeabilization of Human Erythrocyte Ghosts
  • Effects of Ethanol and Glutaraldehyde on the Electropermeability of Tb³⁺ Loaded in Human Ghosts
  • Dynamic Changes of Electropermeable Areas of Human Ghosts Membranes
  • Dynamic Process of Electropermeabilization of Bone Marrow Cell Membrane

• Discussion

• Acknowledgment

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Principle of Measurement

• Nature of Biophotons
  • Spontaneous and Induced Photon Emission
  • Physiological Nature of Biophotons
  • Coherence of Biophotons

• Perspectives

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Materials and Methods

• Results

• Evidence of Communication

• Discussion

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Brain imaging
  • Bioelectromagnetism

• The Inverse Problem and Models of the Generators
  • The Inverse Problem and Non-uniqueness
  • Models of the Generators and Silent Sources
  • Probabilistic Distributed Source Solutions
  • Magnetic Field Tomography (MFT)

• MFT Estimates of Cardiac Activity

• Brain Signals: Variability and Averaging
  • The Case for Averaging
  • The Case Against Averaging

• MFT Analysis of Evoked Responses

• Oscillations, Synchrony and Spontaneous Activity

• Pulling the Early Threads Together

• Conclusion

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Normal and Lognormal Distribution

• Organization of Possibilities

• Lognormal Distribution and Coherence

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Examples of the Use of the Earth’s Magnetic Field by Organisms

• Magneto-Sensibility

• The Magnetic Sensitivity of Certain Centers of the Brain

• The Key Role of Melatonin

• Spherics

• Coherent Oscillator - Triggering as a Synchronous Pulse for Neuronal Networks and Hormones

• Therapeutic Uses of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs)

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Introduction

• Bose-Einstein Condensation in Biological Systems

• One- and Two-Dimensional Cases
  • One-Dimensional Case
  • Two-Dimensional Case

• Time Threshold for Biological Effects

• Long Range Interaction

• Appendix

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• Energy Transfer along Alpha-helical Proteins
  • Solitons and Excitons in Protein Molecules
  • The Lifetime of Molecular Solitons
  • A New Hypothesis of the Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

• Electron Transfer along Protein Molecules
  • Electron Transfer by Solitons
  • Electron Pairing that Generates a Bisoliton
  • Solitons and the Molecular Mechanism of the Effect of Radiation of Cells
  • Possible Mechanism of General Anaesthesia
  • Intracellular Dynamics and Solitons

• Appendix
  • The Generation of Solitons and Bisolitons in Electron Transfer

• Bibliography

The following sections are included:

• The Relationship between Bioelectrodynamics and Biocommunication

• Direct Measurements of Electrodynamical Activities - Noninvasive Technologies

• Bioelectrodynamical Interactions with External Fields

• Coherence and Biological Organization

• Bibliography